Les Entités

Index

E1_Entité_CRM
E2_Entité_temporelle
E3_État matériel
E4_Période
E5_Événement
E6_Destruction
E7_Activité
E8_Acquisition
E9_Déplacement
E10_Transfert_de_la_responsabilité
E11_Modification
E12_Production
E13_Affectation_d’un_attribut
E14_Évaluation_d’état_matériel
E15_Attribution_d’identifiant
E16_Mesurage
E17_Attribution_de_type
E18_Chose_matérielle
E19_Objet_matériel
E20 Objet_biologique
E21_Personne
E22_Objet_fabriqué
E24_Chose_matérielle_fabriquée
E25_Caractéristique_fabriquée
E26_Caractéristique_matérielle
E27_Site
E28_Objet_conceptuel
E29_Projet_ou_Procédure
E30_Droit
E31_Document
E32 Document d'Autorité
E33_Objet_linguistique
E34_Inscription
E35_Titre
E36_Élément visuel
E37_Marque
E39_Acteur·rice·x
E41_Appellation
E42
E52_Laps_de_temps
E53_Lieu
E54
E55_Type
E56_Langue
E57_Matériau
E58_Unité_de_mesure
E59
E60
E61
E62
E63_Début_d’existence
E64_Fin_d'existence
E65_Création
E66
E67_Naissance
E68_Dissolution
E69_Mort
E70_Chose
E71_Chose_élaborée_par_l’humain
E72
E73
E74_Groupe
E77_Entité_persistante
E79
E80
E81
E83
E85_Intégration
E86
E87_Activité_curatoriale
E89_Objet_propositionnel
E90
E92
E93
E94_Référence_spatiale
E95
E96_Achat
E97
E98_Devise
E99_Type_de_produit

E1 CRM Entity test

Subclass of:
Superclass of:	E2 Temporal Entity E52 Time-Span E53 Place E54_Dimension E59 Primitive Value E77 Persistent Item E92 Spacetime Volume
Scope note:	This class comprises all things in the universe of discourse of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model. It is an abstract concept providing for three general properties: Identification by name or appellation, and in particular by a preferred identifier Classification by type, allowing further refinement of the specific subclass an instance belongs to Attachment of free text and other unstructured data for the expression of anything not captured by formal properties All other classes within the CIDOC CRM are directly or indirectly specialisations of E1 CRM Entity.
Examples:	the earthquake in Lisbon 1755 (E5) (Chester, 2001)
In First Order Logic:	E1(x)
Properties:	P1 is identified by (identifies): E41_Appellation P2 has type (is type of): E55_Type P3 has note: E62 String (P3.1 has type: E55_Type) P48 has preferred identifier (is preferred identifier of): E42 Identifier P137 exemplifies (is exemplified by): E55_Type (P137.1 in the taxonomic role: E55_Type)

E1_Entité_CRM

E2 Temporal Entity

Subclass of:	Ε1 CRM Entity
Superclass of:	Ε3 Condition State E4 Period
Scope note:	This class comprises all phenomena, such as the instances of E4 Periods and E5 Events, which happen over a limited extent in time. This extent in time must be contiguous, i.e., without gaps. In case the defining kinds of phenomena for an instance of E2 Temporal Entity cease to happen, and occur later again at another time, we regard that the former instance of E2 Temporal Entity has ended and a new instance has come into existence. In more intuitive terms, the same event cannot happen twice. In some contexts, such phenomena are also called perdurants. This class is disjoint from E77 Persistent Item and is an abstract class that typically has no direct instances. E2 Temporal Entity is specialized into E4 Period, which applies to a particular geographic area (defined with a greater or lesser degree of precision), and E3 Condition State, which applies to instances of E18 Physical Thing.
Examples:	Bronze Age (E4) (Childe, 1963) the earthquake in Lisbon 1755 (E5) (Chester, 2001) the Peterhof Palace near Saint Petersburg being in ruins from 1944 – 1946 (E3) (Maddox, 2015)
In First Order Logic:	E2(x) ⇒ E1(x)
Properties:	P4 has time-span (is time-span of): E52 Time-Span P173 starts before or with the end of (ends with or after the start of): E2 Temporal Entity P174 starts before (starts after the start of): E2 Temporal Entity P175 starts before or with the start of (starts with or after the start of): E2 Temporal Entity P176 starts before the start of (starts after the start of): E2 Temporal Entity P182 ends before or with the start of (starts with or after the end of): E2 Temporal Entity P183 ends before the start of (starts after the end of): E2 Temporal Entity P184 ends before or with the end of (ends with or after the end of): E2 Temporal Entity P185 ends before the end of (ends after the end of): E2 Temporal Entity

E2_Entité_temporelle

E3 Condition State

Subclass of:	E2 Temporal Entity
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class comprises the states of objects characterised by a certain condition over a time-span. An instance of this class describes the prevailing physical condition of any material object or feature during a specific instance of E52 Time Span. In general, the time-span for which a certain condition can be asserted may be shorter than the real time-span, for which this condition held. The nature of that condition can be described using P2 has type. For example, the instance of E3 Condition State “condition of the SS Great Britain between 22 September 1846 and 27 August 1847” can be characterized as an instance “wrecked” of E55_Type.
Examples:	the "reconstructed" state of the “Amber Room” in Tsarskoje Selo from summer 2003 until now (Owen, 2009) the "ruined" state of Peterhof Palace near Saint Petersburg from 1944 to 1946 (Maddox, 2015) the state of my turkey in the oven at 14:30 on 25 December, 2002 [P2 has type: E55_Type “still not cooked”] (fictitious) the topography of the leaves of Sinai Printed Book 3234.2361 on the 10th of July 2007 [described as: of type "cockled"] (fictitious)
In First Order Logic:	E3(x) ⇒ E2(x)
Properties:	P5 consists of (forms part of): Ε3 Condition State

E3_État matériel

E4 Period

Subclass of:	E2 Temporal Entity E92 Spacetime Volume
Superclass of:	E5 Event
Scope note:	This class comprises sets of coherent phenomena or cultural manifestations occurring in time and space. It is the social or physical coherence of these phenomena that identify an instance of E4 Period and not the associated spatiotemporal extent. This extent is only the “ground” or space in an abstract physical sense that the actual process of growth, spread and retreat has covered. Consequently, different periods can overlap and coexist in time and space, such as when a nomadic culture exists in the same area and time as a sedentary culture. This also means that overlapping land use rights, common among first nations, amounts to overlapping periods. Often, this class is used to describe prehistoric or historic periods such as the “Neolithic Period”, the “Ming Dynasty” or the “McCarthy Era”, but also geopolitical units and activities of settlements are regarded as special cases of E4 Period. However, there are no assumptions about the scale of the associated phenomena. In particular all events are seen as synthetic processes consisting of coherent phenomena. Therefore, E4 Period is a superclass of E5 Event. For example, a modern clinical birth, an instance of E67 Birth, can be seen as both a single event, i.e., an instance of E5 Event, and as an extended period, i.e., an instance of E4 Period, that consists of multiple physical processes and complementary activities performed by multiple instances of E39 Actor. As the actual extent of an instance of E4 Period in spacetime we regard the trajectories of the participating physical things during their participation in an instance of E4 Period. This includes the open spaces via which these things have interacted and the spaces by which they had the potential to interact during that period or event in the way defined by the type of the respective period or event. Examples include the air in a meeting room transferring the voices of the participants. Since these phenomena are fuzzy, we assume the spatiotemporal extent to be contiguous, except for cases of phenomena spreading out over islands or other separated areas, including geopolitical units distributed over disconnected areas such as islands or colonies. Whether the trajectories necessary for participants to travel between these areas are regarded as part of the spatiotemporal extent or not has to be decided in each case based on a concrete analysis, taking use of the sea for other purposes than travel, such as fishing, into consideration. One may also argue that the activities to govern disconnected areas imply travelling through spaces connecting them and that these areas hence are spatially connected in a way, but it appears counterintuitive to consider for instance travel routes in international waters as extensions of geopolitical units. Consequently, an instance of E4 Period may occupy a number of disjoint spacetime volumes, however there must not be a discontinuity in the timespan covered by these spacetime volumes. This means that an instance of E4 Period must be contiguous in time. If it has ended in all areas, it has ended as a whole. However, it may end in one area before another, such as in the Polynesian migration, and it continues as long as it is ongoing in at least one area. We model E4 Period as a subclass of E2 Temporal Entity and of E92 Spacetime Volume. The latter is intended as a phenomenal spacetime volume as defined in CIDOC CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel, 2013). By virtue of this multiple inheritance, we can discuss the physical extent of an instance of E4 Period without representing each instance of it together with an instance of its associated spacetime volume. This model combines two quite different kinds of substance: an instance of E4 Period is a phenomenon while an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is an aggregation of points in spacetime. However, the real spatiotemporal extent of an instance of E4 Period is regarded to be unique to it due to all its details and fuzziness; its identity and existence depends uniquely on the identity of the instance of E4 Period. Therefore, this multiple inheritance is unambiguous and effective and furthermore corresponds to the intuitions of natural language. Typical use of this class in cultural heritage documentation is for documenting cultural and artistic periods. There are two different conceptualisations of ‘artistic style’, defined either by physical features or by historical context. For example, “Impressionism” can be viewed as a period in the European sphere of influence lasting from approximately 1870 to 1905 during which paintings with particular characteristics were produced by a group of artists that included (among others) Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, Sisley and Degas. Alternatively, it can be regarded as a style applicable to all paintings sharing the characteristics of the works produced by the Impressionist painters, regardless of historical context. The first interpretation is an instance of E4 Period, and the second defines morphological object types that fall under E55_Type. A geopolitical unit as a specific case of an instance of E4 Period is the set of activities and phenomena related to the claim of power, the consequences of belonging to a jurisdictional area and an administrative system that establishes a geopolitical unit. Examples from the modern period are countries or administrative areas of countries such as districts whose actions and structures define activities and phenomena in the area that they intend to govern. The borders of geopolitical units are often defined in contracts or treaties although they may deviate from the actual practice. The spatiotemporal properties of Geopolitical units can be modelled through the properties inherited from E92 Spacetime Volume. Another specific case of an instance of E4 Period is the actual extent of the set of activities and phenomena as evidenced by their physical traces that define a settlement, such as the populated period of Nineveh.
Examples:	Jurassic (Hallam, 1975) Populated Period of Nineveh Imperial Rome under Marcus Aurelius European Bronze Age (Harrison, 2004) Italian Renaissance (Macdonald, 1992) Thirty Years War (Lee, 1991) Sturm und Drang (Berkoff, 2013) Cubism (Cox, 2000)
In First Order Logic:	E4(x) ⇒ E2(x) E4(x) ⇒ E92(x)
Properties:	P7 took place at (witnessed): E53 Place P8 took place on or within (witnessed): E18 Physical Thing P9 consists of (forms part of): E4 Period

E4_Période

E5 Event

Subclass of:	E4 Period
Superclass of:	E7 Activity E63 Beginning of Existence E64 End of Existence
Scope note:	This class comprises distinct, delimited and coherent processes and interactions of a material nature, in cultural, social or physical systems, involving and affecting instances of E77 Persistent Item in a way characteristic of the kind of process. Typical examples are meetings, births, deaths, actions of decision taking, making or inventing things, but also more complex and extended ones such as conferences, elections, building of a castle, or battles. While the continuous growth of a tree lacks the limits characteristic of an event, its germination from a seed does qualify as an event. Similarly, the blowing of the wind lacks the distinctness and limits of an event, but a hurricane, flood or earthquake would qualify as an event. Mental processes are considered as events, in cases where they are connected with the material externalization of their results; for example, the creation of a poem, a performance or a change of intention that becomes obvious from subsequent actions or declarations. The effects of an instance of E5 Event may not lead to relevant permanent changes of properties or relations of the items involved in it, for example an unrecorded performance. Of course, in order to be documented, some kind of evidence for an event must exist, be it witnesses, traces or products of the event. While instances of E4 Period always require some form of coherence between its constituent phenomena, in addition, the essential constituents of instances of E5 Event should contribute to an overall effect; for example, the statements made during a meeting and the listening of the audience. Viewed at a coarse level of detail, an instance of E5 Event may appear as if it had an ‘instantaneous’ overall effect, but any process or interaction of material nature in reality have an extent in time and space. At a fine level, instances of E5 Event may be analyzed into component phenomena and phases within a space and timeframe, and as such can be seen as a period, regardless of the size of the phenomena. The reverse is not necessarily the case: not all instances of E4 Period give rise to a noteworthy overall effect and are thus not instances of E5 Event.
Examples:	the birth of Cleopatra (E67) (Pomeroy, 1984) the destruction of Herculaneum by volcanic eruption in 79 AD (E6) (Camardo, 2013) World War II (E7) (Barber, 1994) the Battle of Stalingrad (E7) (Hoyt, 1993) the Yalta Conference (E7) (Harbutt, 2010) my birthday celebration 28-6-1995 (E7) the falling of a tile from my roof last Sunday (fictitious) the CIDOC conference 2003 (E7)
In First Order Logic:	E5(x) ⇒ E4(x)
Properties:	P11 had participant (participated in): E39 Actor P12 occurred in the presence of (was present at): E77 Persistent Item

E5_Événement

E6_Destruction

Subclass of:	E64 End of Existence
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class comprises events that destroy one or more instances of E18 Physical Thing such that they lose their identity as the subjects of documentation. Some destruction events are intentional, while others are independent of human activity. Intentional destruction may be documented by classifying the event as both an instance of E6_Destruction and of E7 Activity. The decision to document an object as destroyed, transformed or modified is context sensitive: 1. If the matter remaining from the destruction is not documented, the event is modelled solely as an instance of E6_Destruction. 2. An event should also be documented as an instance of E81_Transformation if it results in the destruction of one or more objects and the simultaneous production of others using parts or material from the original. In this case, the new items have separate identities. Matter is preserved, but identity is not. 3. When the initial identity of the changed instance of E18 Physical Thing is preserved, the event should be documented as an instance of E11_Modification.
Examples:	the destruction of Herculaneum by volcanic eruption in 79 AD (Camardo, 2013) the destruction of Nineveh (E6, E7) (River, 2016) the breaking of a champagne glass yesterday by my dog (fictitious)
In First Order Logic:	E6(x) ⇒ E64(x)
Properties:	P13 destroyed (was destroyed by): E18 Physical Thing

E6_Destruction

E7 Activity

Subclass of:	E5 Event
Superclass of:	E8_Acquisition E9 Move E10 Transfer of Custody E11_Modification E13 Attribute Assignment E65 Creation E66_Formation E85 Joining E86 Leaving E87 Curation Activity
Scope note:	This class comprises actions intentionally carried out by instances of E39 Actor that result in changes of state in the cultural, social, or physical systems documented. This notion includes complex, composite and long-lasting actions such as the building of a settlement or a war, as well as simple, short-lived actions such as the opening of a door.
Examples:	the Battle of Stalingrad (Hoyt, 1993) the Yalta Conference (Harbutt, 2010) my birthday celebration 28-6-1995 the writing of “Faust” by Goethe (E65) (Williams, 2020) the formation of the Bauhaus 1919 (E66) (Droste, 2006) calling the place identified by TGN ‘7017998’ ‘Quyunjig’ by the people of Iraq Kira Weber working in glass art from 1984 to 1993 Kira Weber working in oil and pastel painting from 1993
In First Order Logic:	E7(x) ⇒ E5(x)
Properties:	P14 carried out by (performed): E39 Actor (P14.1 in the role of: E55_Type) P15 was influenced by (influenced): E1 CRM Entity P16 used specific object (was used for): E70 Thing (P16.1 mode of use: E55_Type) P17 was motivated by (motivated): E1 CRM Entity P19 was intended use of (was made for): E71 Human-Made Thing (P19.1 mode of use: E55_Type) P20 had specific purpose (was purpose of): E5 Event P21 had general purpose (was purpose of): E55_Type P32 used general technique (was technique of): E55_Type P33 used specific technique (was used by): E29 Design or Procedure P125 used object of type (was type of object used in): E55_Type P134 continued (was continued by): E7 Activity

E7_Activité

E8_Acquisition

Subclass of:	E7 Activity
Superclass of:	E96 Purchase
Scope note:	This class comprises transfers of legal ownership from one or more instances of E39 Actor to one or more other instances of E39 Actor. The class also applies to the establishment or loss of ownership of instances of E18 Physical Thing. It does not, however, imply changes of any other kinds of right. The recording of the donor and/or recipient is optional. It is possible that in an instance of E8_Acquisition there is either no donor or no recipient. Depending on the circumstances, it may describe: 1 the beginning of ownership 2 the end of ownership 3 the transfer of ownership 4 the acquisition from an unknown source 5 the loss of title due to destruction of the item It may also describe events where a collector appropriates legal title, for example by annexation or field collection. The interpretation of the museum notion of "accession" differs between institutions. The CIDOC CRM therefore models legal ownership (E8_Acquisition) and physical custody (E10 Transfer of Custody) separately. Institutions will then model their specific notions of accession and deaccession as combinations of these.
Examples:	the collection of a hammer-head shark of the genus Sphyrna Rafinesque, 1810 (Carchariniformes) by John Steinbeck and Edward Ricketts at Puerto Escondido in the Gulf of Mexico on March 25th, 1940. (Steinbeck, 2000) the acquisition of El Greco’s painting entitled ‘The Apostles Peter and Paul’ by the State Hermitage in Saint Petersburg. (https://hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/digital-collection/01.+Paintings/32730) the loss of my stuffed chaffinch ‘Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus, 1758’ due to insect damage last year (fictitious)
In First Order Logic:	E8(x) ⇒ E7(x)
Properties:	P22 transferred title to (acquired title through): E39 Actor P23 transferred title from (surrendered title through): E39 Actor P24 transferred title of (changed ownership through): E18 Physical Thing

E8_Acquisition

E9 Move

Subclass of:	E7 Activity
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class comprises changes of the physical location of the instances of E19 Physical Object. Note, that the class E9 Move inherits the property P7 took place at (witnessed): E53 Place. This property should be used to describe the trajectory or a larger area within which a move takes place, whereas the properties P26 moved to (was destination of), P27 moved from (was origin of) describe the start and end points only. Moves may also be documented to consist of other moves (via P9 consists of (forms part of)), in order to describe intermediate stages on a trajectory. In that case, start and end points of the partial moves should match appropriately between each other and with the overall event.
Examples:	the relocation of London Bridge from the UK to the USA. (Wildfang, 2005) the movement of the exhibition “Tutankhamun: Treasures of the Golden Pharaoh” between 15th September and 2nd November 2019.
In First Order Logic:	E9(x) ⇒ E7(x)
Properties:	P25 moved (moved by): E19 Physical Object P26 moved to (was destination of): E53 Place P27 moved from (was origin of): E53 Place

E9_Déplacement

E10 Transfer of Custody

Subclass of:	E7 Activity
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class comprises transfers of the physical custody or the legal responsibility for the physical custody of objects. The recording of the donor or recipient is optional. It is possible that in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody there is either no donor or no recipient. Depending on the circumstances, it may describe: 1 the beginning of custody (there is no previous custodian) 2 the end of custody (there is no subsequent custodian) 3 the transfer of custody (transfer from one custodian to the next) 4 the receipt of custody from an unknown source (the previous custodian is unknown) 5 the declared loss of an object (the current or subsequent custodian is unknown) In the event that only a single kind of transfer of custody occurs, either the legal responsibility for the custody or the actual physical possession of the object but not both, this difference should be expressed using the property P2 has type (is type of). The sense of physical possession requires that the object of custody be in the hands of the keeper at least with a part representative for the whole. The way, in which a representative part is defined, should ensure that it is unambiguous who keeps a part and who the whole and should be consistent with the identity criteria of the kept instance of E18 Physical Thing. The interpretation of the museum notion of "accession" differs between institutions. The CIDOC CRM therefore models legal ownership and physical custody separately. Institutions will then model their specific notions of accession and deaccession as combinations of these. Theft is a specific case of illegal transfer of custody.
Examples:	the delivery of the paintings by Secure Deliveries Inc. to the National Gallery the return of Picasso’s “Guernica” to Madrid’s Prado in 1981 (Chipp, 1988)
In First Order Logic:	E10(x) ⇒ E7(x)
Properties:	P28 custody surrendered by (surrendered custody through): E39 Actor P29 custody received by (received custody through): E39 Actor P30 transferred custody of (custody transferred through): E18 Physical Thing

E10_Transfert_de_la_responsabilité

E11_Modification

Subclass of:	E7 Activity
Superclass of:	E12_Production E79 Part Addition E80 Part Removal
Scope note:	This class comprises instances of E7 Activity that are undertaken to create, alter or change instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing. This class includes the production of an item from raw materials and other so far undocumented objects. It also includes the conservation treatment of an object. Since the distinction between modification and production is not always clear, modification is regarded as the more generally applicable concept. This implies that some items may be consumed or destroyed in an instance of E11_Modification, and that others may be produced as a result of it. An event should also be documented using an instance of E81_Transformation if it results in the destruction of one or more objects and the simultaneous production of others using parts or material from the originals. In this case, the new items have separate identities. An activity undertaken on an object which was designed to alter it, but which, in fact, it did not in any seemingly significant way (such as the application of a solvent during conservation which failed to dissolve any part of the object), is still considered as an instance of E11_Modification. Typically, any such activity will leave at least forensic traces of evidence on the object. If the instance of E29 Design or Procedure utilized for the modification prescribes the use of specific materials, they should be documented using property P68 foresees use of (use foreseen by): E57 Material of E29 Design or Procedure, rather than via P126 employed (was employed in): E57 Material.
Examples:	the construction of the SS Great Britain (E12) (Gregor, 1971) the impregnation of the Vasa warship in Stockholm for preservation after 1956 (Håfors, 2010) the transformation of the Enola Gay into a museum exhibit by the National Air and Space Museum in Washington DC between 1993 and 1995 (E12, E81) (Yakel, 2000) the last renewal of the gold coating of the Toshogu shrine in Nikko, Japan (Cali and Dougil, 2012)
In First Order Logic:	E11(x) ⇒ E7(x)
Properties:	P31 has modified (was modified by): E18 Physical Thing P126 employed (was employed in): E57 Material

E11_Modification

E12_Production

Subclass of:	E11_Modification E63 Beginning of Existence
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class comprises activities that are designed to, and succeed in, creating one or more new items. It specializes the notion of modification into production. The decision as to whether or not an object is regarded as new is context sensitive. Normally, items are considered “new” if there is no obvious overall similarity between them and the consumed items and material used in their production. In other cases, an item is considered “new” because it becomes relevant to documentation by a modification. For example, the scribbling of a name on a potsherd may make it a voting token. The original potsherd may not be worth documenting, in contrast to the inscribed one. This entity can be collective: the printing of a thousand books, for example, would normally be considered a single event. An event should also be documented using an instance of E81_Transformation if it results in the destruction of one or more objects and the simultaneous production of others using parts or material from the originals. In this case, the new items have separate identities and matter is preserved, but identity is not.
Examples:	the construction of the SS Great Britain (Gregor, 1971) the first casting of the Little Mermaid from the harbour of Copenhagen (Dewey, 2003) Rembrandt’s creating of the seventh state of his etching “Woman sitting half dressed beside a stove”, 1658, identified by Bartsch Number 197 (E12, E65, E81) (Hind, 1923)
In First Order Logic:	E12(x) ⇒ E11(x) E12(x) ⇒ E63(x)
Properties:	P108 has produced (was produced by): E24 Physical Human-Made Thing P186 produced thing of product type (is produced by): E99 Product Type

E12_Production

E13 Attribute Assignment

Subclass of:	E7 Activity
Superclass of:	E14 Condition Assessment E15 Identifier Assignment E16 Measurement E17 Type Assignment
Scope note:	This class comprises the actions of making assertions about one property of an object or any single relation between two items or concepts. The type of the property asserted to hold between two items or concepts can be described by the property P177 assigned property type: E55_Type. For example, the class describes the actions of people making propositions and statements during certain scientific/scholarly procedures, e.g., the person and date when a condition statement was made, an identifier was assigned, the museum object was measured, etc. Which kinds of such assignments and statements need to be documented explicitly in structures of a schema rather than free text, depends on whether this information should be accessible by structured queries. This class allows for the documentation of how the respective assignment came about, and whose opinion it was. Note that all instances of properties described in a knowledge base are the opinion of someone. Per default, they are the opinion of the team maintaining the knowledge base. This fact must not individually be registered for all instances of properties provided by the maintaining team, because it would result in an endless recursion of whose opinion was the description of an opinion. Therefore, the use of instances of E13 Attribute Assignment marks the fact, that the maintaining team is in general neutral to the validity of the respective assertion, but registers someone else’s opinion and how it came about. All properties assigned in such an action can also be seen as directly relating the respective pair of items or concepts. Multiple use of instances of E13 Attribute Assignment may possibly lead to a collection of contradictory values. All cases of properties in this model that are also described indirectly through a subclass of E13 Attribute Assignment are characterised as "short cuts" of a path via this subclass. This redundant modelling of two alternative views is preferred because many implementations may have good reasons to model either the action of assertion or the short cut, and the relation between both alternatives can be captured by simple rules.
Examples:	the examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 by Nicholas Pickwoad in November 2003 (Honey & Pickwoad , 2010) the assessment of the current ownership of Martin Doerr’s silver cup in February 1997 (fictitious)
In First Order Logic:	E13(x) ⇒ E7(x)
Properties:	P140 assigned attribute to (was attributed by): E1 CRM Entity P141 assigned (was assigned by): E1 CRM Entity P177 assigned property type E55_Type

E13_Affectation_d’un_attribut

E14 Condition Assessment

Subclass of:	E13 Attribute Assignment
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class describes the act of assessing the state of preservation of an object during a particular period. The condition assessment may be carried out by inspection, measurement or through historical research. This class is used to document circumstances of the respective assessment that may be relevant to interpret its quality at a later stage, or to continue research on related documents.
Examples:	last year’s inspection of humidity damage to the frescos in the St. George chapel in our village (fictitious) the condition assessment of the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 by Nicholas Pickwoad in November 2003 (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010) the condition assessment of the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 by Nicholas Pickwoad in November 2003 (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010)
In First Order Logic:	E14(x) ⇒ E13(x)
Properties:	P34 concerned (was assessed by): E18 Physical Thing P35 has identified (identified by): Ε3 Condition State

E14_Évaluation_d’état_matériel

E15 Identifier Assignment

Subclass of:	E13 Attribute Assignment
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class comprises activities that result in the allocation of an identifier to an instance of E1 CRM Entity. Instances of E15 Identifier Assignment may include the creation of the identifier from multiple constituents, which themselves may be instances of E41_Appellation. The syntax and kinds of constituents to be used may be declared in a rule constituting an instance of E29 Design or Procedure. Examples of such identifiers include Find Numbers, Inventory Numbers, uniform titles in the sense of librarianship and Digital Object Identifiers (DOI). Documenting the act of identifier assignment and deassignment is especially useful when objects change custody or the identification system of an organization is changed. In order to keep track of the identity of things in such cases, it is important to document by whom, when and for what purpose an identifier is assigned to an item. The fact that an identifier is a preferred one for an organisation can be expressed by using the property E1 CRM Entity. P48 has preferred identifier (is preferred identifier of): E42 Identifier. It can better be expressed in a context independent form by assigning a suitable E55_Type, such as “preferred identifier assignment”, to the respective instance of E15 Identifier Assignment via the P2 has type property.
Examples:	replacement of the inventory number TA959a by GE34604 for a 17th century lament cloth at the Museum Benaki, Athens assigning the author-uniform title heading “Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 1749-1832. Faust. 1. Theil.” for the respective work on June 1, 2001 assigning the personal name heading “Guillaume, de Machaut, ca. 1300-1377” to Guillaume de Machaut (Kelly, 2014)
In First Order Logic:	E15(x) ⇒ E13(x)
Properties:	P37 assigned (was assigned by): E42 Identifier P38 deassigned (was deassigned by): E42 Identifier P142 used constituent (was used in): E90 Symbolic Object

E15_Attribution_d’identifiant

E16 Measurement

Subclass of:	E13 Attribute Assignment
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class comprises actions measuring quantitative physical properties and other values that can be determined by a systematic, objective procedure of direct observation of particular states of physical reality. An instance of E16 Measurement may us simple counting or tools, such as yardsticks or radiation detection devices. The interest is in the method and care applied, so that the reliability of the result may be judged at a later stage, or research continued on the associated documents. The date of the event is important for dimensions, which may change value over time, such as the length of an object subject to shrinkage. Methods and devices employed should be associated with instances of E16 Measurement by properties such as P33 used specific technique: E29 Design or Procedure, P125 used object of type: E55_Type, P16 used specific object (was used for): E70 Thing, whereas basic techniques such as "carbon 14 dating" should be encoded using P2 has type (is type of): E55_Type. Details of methods and devices reused or reusable in other instances of E16 Measurement should be documented for these entities rather than the measurements themselves, whereas details of particular execution may be documented by free text or by instantiating adequate sub-activities, if the detail may be of interest for an overarching query. Regardless whether a measurement is made by an instrument or by human senses, it represents the initial transition from physical reality to information without any other documented information object in between within the reasoning chain that would represent the result of the interaction of the observer or device with reality. Therefore, determining properties of an instance of E90 Symbolic Object is regarded as an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment, which may be inferred from observing and measuring representative carriers. In the case that the carrier can be named, the property P16 used specific object (was used for): should be used to indicate the instance(s) of E18 Physical Thing that was used as the empirical basis for the attribute assignment. For instance, inferring properties of depicted items using image material, such as satellite images, is not regarded as an instance of E16 Measurement, but as a subsequent instance of E13 Attribute Assignment. Rather, only the production of the images, understood as arrays of radiation intensities, is regarded as an instance of E16 Measurement. The same reasoning holds for other sensor data.
Examples:	measurement of the height of silver cup 232 on the 31st August 1997 (fictitious) the carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 [The carbon 14 dating of an approximately 400.000 year old complete Old Palaeolithic wooden spear found in Schoeningen, Niedersachsen, Germany, in 1995.] (Kouwenhoven, 1997)
In First Order Logic:	E16(x) ⇒ E13(x)
Properties:	P39 measured (was measured by): E18 Physical Thing P40 observed dimension (was observed in): E54_Dimension

E16_Mesurage

E17 Type Assignment

Subclass of:	E13 Attribute Assignment
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class comprises the actions of classifying items of whatever kind. Such items include objects, specimens, people, actions and concepts. This class allows for the documentation of the context of classification acts in cases where the value of the classification depends on the personal opinion of the classifier, and the date that the classification was made. This class also encompasses the notion of "determination," i.e., the systematic and molecular identification of a specimen in biology.
Examples:	the first classification of object GE34604 as Lament Cloth at the Museum Benaki, Athens the determination of a cactus in Martin Doerr’s garden as ‘Cereus hildmannianus K.Schumann’, July 2003
In First Order Logic:	E17(x) ⇒ E13(x)
Properties:	P41 classified (was classified by): E1 CRM Entity P42 assigned (was assigned by): E55_Type

E17_Attribution_de_type

E18 Physical Thing

Subclass of:	E72 Legal Object
Superclass of:	E19 Physical Object E24 Physical Human-Made Thing E26 Physical Feature
Scope note:	This class comprises all persistent physical items with a relatively stable form, human-made or natural. Depending on the existence of natural boundaries of such things, the CIDOC CRM distinguishes the instances of E19 Physical Object from instances of E26 Physical Feature, such as holes, rivers, pieces of land etc. Most instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy), whereas features are integral to the surrounding matter. An instance of E18 Physical Thing occupies not only a particular geometric space at any instant of its existence, but in the course of its existence it also forms a trajectory through spacetime, which occupies a real, that is phenomenal, volume in spacetime. We include in the occupied space the space filled by the matter of the physical thing and all its inner spaces, such as the interior of a box. For the purpose of more detailed descriptions of the presence of an instance of E18 Physical Thing in space and time it can be associated with its specific instance of E92 Spacetime Volume by the property P196 defines (is defined by). The CIDOC CRM is generally not concerned with amounts of matter in fluid or gaseous states, as long as they are not confined in an identifiable way for an identifiable minimal time-span.
Examples:	the Cullinan Diamond (E19) (Scarratt and Shor, 2006) the cave “Ideon Andron” in Crete (E26) (Smith, 1844-49) the Mona Lisa (E22) (Mohen, 2006)
In First Order Logic:	E18(x) ⇒ E72(x)
Properties:	P44 has condition (is condition of): Ε3 Condition State P45 consists of (is incorporated in): E57 Material P46 is composed of (forms part of): E18 Physical Thing P49 has former or current keeper (is former or current keeper of): E39 Actor P50 has current keeper (is current keeper of): E39 Actor P51 has former or current owner (is former or current owner of): E39 Actor P52 has current owner (is current owner of): E39 Actor P53 has former or current location (is former or current location of): E53 Place P59 has section (is located on or within): E53 Place P128 carries (is carried by): E90 Symbolic Object P156 occupies (is occupied by): E53 Place P196 defines (is defined by): E92 Spacetime Volume

E18_Chose_matérielle

E19 Physical Object

Subclass of:	E18 Physical Thing
Superclass of:	E20 Biological Object E22 Human-Made Object
Scope note:	This class comprises items of a material nature that are units for documentation and have physical boundaries that separate them completely in an objective way from other objects. The class also includes all aggregates of objects made for functional purposes of whatever kind, independent of physical coherence, such as a set of chessmen. Typically, instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy). In some contexts, such objects, except for aggregates, are also called “bona fide objects” (Smith & Varzi, 2000, pp.401-420), i.e., naturally defined objects. The decision as to what is documented as a complete item, rather than by its parts or components, may be a purely administrative decision or may be a result of the order in which the item was acquired.
Examples:	• Aphrodite of Milos (E22) (Kousser, 2005) • the Cullinan Diamond (Scarratt and Shor, 2006) • Apollo 13 at the time of launch (E22) (Lovell and Kluger, 1994)
In First Order Logic:	E19(x) ⇒ E18(x)
Properties:	P54 has current permanent location (is current permanent location of): E53 Place P55 has current location (currently holds): E53 Place P56 bears feature (is found on): E26 Physical Feature P57 has number of parts: E60 Number

E19_Objet_matériel

E20 Biological Object

Subclass of:	E19 Physical Object
Superclass of:	E21 Person
Scope note:	This class comprises individual items of a material nature, which live, have lived or are natural products of or from living organisms. Artificial objects that incorporate biological elements, such as Victorian butterfly frames, can be documented as both instances of E20 Biological Object and E22 Human-Made Object.
Examples:	me (fictitious) Tut-Ankh-Amun (Edwards and Boltin, 1979) Boukephalus [Horse of Alexander the Great] (Lamb, 2005) petrified dinosaur excrement PA1906-344
In First Order Logic:	E20(x) ⇒ E19(x)
Properties:

E20 Objet_biologique

E21 Person À RELIRE

Subclass of:	E20 Biological Object E39 Actor
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class comprises real persons who live or are assumed to have lived. Legendary figures that may have existed, such as Ulysses and King Arthur, fall into this class if the documentation refers to them as historical figures. In cases where doubt exists as to whether several persons are in fact identical, multiple instances can be created and linked to indicate their relationship. The CIDOC CRM does not propose a specific form to support reasoning about possible identity. In a bibliographic context, a name presented following the conventions usually employed for personal names will be assumed to correspond to an actual real person (an instance of E21 Person), unless evidence is available to indicate that this is not the case. The fact that a persona may erroneously be classified as an instance of E21 Person does not imply that the concept comprises personae.
Examples:	Tut-Ankh-Amun (Edwards and Boltin, 1979) Nelson Mandela (Brown and Hort, 2006)
In First Order Logic:	E21(x) ⇒ E20(x) E21(x) ⇒ E39(x)
Properties:	P152 has parent (is parent of): E21 Person

E21_Personne

E22 Human-Made Object

Subclass of:	E19 Physical Object E24 Physical Human-Made Thing
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class comprises all persistent physical objects of any size that are purposely created by human activity and have physical boundaries that separate them completely in an objective way from other objects. The class also includes all aggregates of objects made for functional purposes of whatever kind, independent of physical coherence, such as a set of chessmen.
Examples:	the Rosetta Stone (E22) LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard [the World’s fastest steam locomotive, preserved at the National Railway Museum of York, UK] (Solomon, 2003) the Portland Vase (Walker, 2004)
In First Order Logic:	E22(x) ⇒ E19(x) E22(x) ⇒ E24(x)
Properties:

E22_Objet_fabriqué

E24 Physical Human-Made Thing

Subclass of:	E18 Physical Thing E71 Human-Made Thing
Superclass of:	E22 Human-Made Object E25 Human-Made Feature E78 Curated Holding
Scope Note:	This class comprises all persistent physical items of any size that are purposely created by human activity. This class comprises, besides others, Human-Made objects, such as a sword, and Human-Made features, such as rock art. For example, a “cup and ring” carving on bedrock is regarded as instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing. Instances of Human-Made thing may be the result of modifying pre-existing physical things, preserving larger parts or most of the original matter and structure, which poses the question if they are new or even Human-Made, the respective interventions of production made on such original material should be obvious and sufficient to regard that the product has a new, distinct identity and intended function and is human-made. Substantial continuity of the previous matter and structure in the new product can be documented by describing the production process also as an instance of E81_Transformation. Whereas interventions of conservation and repair are not regarded to produce a new Human-Made thing, the results of preparation of natural history specimens that substantially change their natural or original state should be regarded as physical Human-Made things, including the uncovering of petrified biological features from a solid piece of stone. On the other side, scribbling a museum number on a natural object should not be regarded to make it Human-Made. This notwithstanding, parts, sections, segments, or features of a physical Human-Made thing may continue to be non-Human-Made and preserved during the production process, for example natural pearls used as a part of an eardrop.
Examples:	the Forth Railway Bridge (Shipway, Bouch, Baker and Fowler, 1990). the Channel Tunnel (E25) (Holliday, Marcou and Vickerman, 1991) the Palace of Knossos (Evans, 1921) the Coliseum in Rome, Italy (Hopkins and Beard, 2011) the Historical Collection of the Museum Benaki in Athens (E78) (Georgoula, 2005) the Rosetta Stone (E22) my paperback copy of Crime & Punishment (E22) (fictitious) the computer disk at ICS-FORTH that stores the canonical Definition of the CIDOC CRM v.3.2 (E22) my empty DVD disk (E22) (fictitious)
In First Order Logic:	E24(x) ⇒ E18(x) E24(x) ⇒ E71(x)
Properties:	P62 depicts (is depicted by): E1 CRM Entity (P62.1 mode of depiction: E55_Type) P65 shows visual item (is shown by): E36 Visual Item

E24_Chose_matérielle_fabriquée

E25 Human-Made Feature

Subclass of:	E24 Physical Human-Made Thing E26 Physical Feature
Superclass of:
Scope Note:	This class comprises physical features that are purposely created by human activity, such as scratches, artificial caves, artificial water channels, etc. In particular, it includes the information encoding features on mechanical or digital carriers.

 Examples: the Manchester Ship Canal (Farnie, 1980)
Michael Jackson’s nose following plastic surgery
the laser-readable “pits” engraved June 2014 on Martin Doerr’s CD-R, copying songs of Edith Piaf.
the carved letters on the Rosetta Stone | In First Order Logic: | E25(x) ⇒ E24(x)
E25(x) ⇒ E26(x) | Properties: |

E25_Caractéristique_fabriquée

E26 Physical Feature

Subclass of:	E18 Physical Thing
Superclass of:	E25 Human-Made Feature E27_Site
Scope Note:	This class comprises identifiable features that are physically attached in an integral way to particular physical objects. Instances of E26 Physical Feature share many of the attributes of instances of E19 Physical Object. They may have a one-, two- or three-dimensional geometric extent, but there are no natural borders that separate them completely in an objective way from the carrier objects. For example, a doorway is a feature but the door itself, being attached by hinges, is not. Instances of E26 Physical Feature can be features in a narrower sense, such as scratches, holes, reliefs, surface colours, reflection zones in an opal crystal or a density change in a piece of wood. In the wider sense, they are portions of particular objects with partially imaginary borders, such as the core of the Earth, an area of property on the surface of the Earth, a landscape or the head of a contiguous marble statue. They can be measured and dated, and it is sometimes possible to state who or what is or was responsible for them. They cannot be separated from the carrier object, but a segment of the carrier object may be identified (or sometimes removed) carrying the complete feature. This definition coincides with the definition of "fiat objects" (Smith & Varzi, 2000, pp.401-420), with the exception of aggregates of “bona fide objects”.
Examples:	the cave of Dirou, Mani, Greece (Psimenos. 2005) the temple in Abu Simbel before its removal, which was carved out of solid rock (E25) (Hawass, 2000) Albrecht Duerer's signature on his painting of Charles the Great (E25) (Strauss, 1974) the damage to the nose of the Great Sphinx in Giza (Temple, 2009) Michael Jackson’s nose prior to plastic surgery
In First Order Logic:	E26(x) ⇒ E18(x)
Properties:

E26_Caractéristique_matérielle

E27_Site

Subclass of:	E26 Physical Feature
Superclass of:
Scope Note:	This class comprises pieces of land or sea floor. In contrast to the purely geometric notion of E53 Place, this class describes constellations of matter on the surface of the Earth or other celestial body, which can be represented by photographs, paintings and maps. Instances of E27_Site are composed of relatively immobile material items and features in a particular configuration at a particular location.
Examples:	the Amazon river basin (Hegen, 1966) Knossos (Evans, 1921) the Apollo 11 landing site (Siegler and Smrekar, 2014) Heathrow Airport (Wicks, 2014) the submerged harbour of the Minoan settlement of Gournia, Crete (Watrous, 2012) the island of Crete
In First Order Logic:	E27(x) ⇒ E26(x)
Properties:

E27_Site

E28 Conceptual Object-traduction à relire

Subclass of:	E71 Human-Made Thing
Superclass of:	E55_Type E89 Propositional Object E90 Symbolic Object
Scope note:	This class comprises non-material products of our minds and other human produced data that have become objects of a discourse about their identity, circumstances of creation or historical implication. The production of such information may have been supported by the use of technical devices such as cameras or computers. Characteristically, instances of this class are created, invented or thought by someone, and then may be documented or communicated between persons. Instances of E28 Conceptual Object have the ability to exist on more than one particular carrier at the same time, such as paper, electronic signals, marks, audio media, paintings, photos, human memories, etc. They cannot be destroyed. They exist as long as they can be found on at least one carrier or in at least one human memory. Their existence ends when the last carrier and the last memory are lost.
Examples:	Beethoven’s “Ode an die Freude” (Ode to Joy) (E73) (Kershaw, 1999) the definition of “ontology” in the Oxford English Dictionary (E73) (Oxford University Press, 1989) the knowledge about the victory at Marathon carried by the famous runner (E89) (Lagos & Karyanos, 2020) Explanation note: In the following examples we illustrate the distinction between a propositional object, its names and its encoded forms. The Maxwell equations (Ball, 1962) are a good example, because they belong to the fundamental laws of physics and their mathematical content yields identical, unambiguous results regardless formulation and encoding.] “Maxwell equations” (E41) [preferred subject access point from LCSH, http://lccn.loc.gov/sh85082387, accessed 18th April 2021. This is only the name for the Maxwell equations as standardized by the Library of Congress and not the equations themselves.] “Equations, Maxwell” (E41) [variant subject access point from LCSH, http://lccn.loc.gov/sh85082387, accessed 18th April 2021. This is another name for the equation standardized by the Library of Congress and not the equations themselves.] Maxwell's equations (E89) [This is the propositional content of the equations proper, independent of any particular notation or mathematical formalism.] (Ball, 1962) The encoding of Maxwells equations as in https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Maxwell%27sEquations.svg (E73) [accessed 18th April 2021. This is one possible symbolic encoding of the propositional content of the equations.]
In First Order Logic:	E28(x) ⇒ E71(x)
Properties:

E28_Objet_conceptuel

E29 Design or Procedure - traduction à relire

Subclass of:	E73 Information Object
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class comprises documented plans for the execution of actions in order to achieve a result of a specific quality, form or contents. In particular, it comprises plans for deliberate human activities that may result in new instances of E71 Human-Made Thing or for shaping or guiding the execution of an instance of E7 Activity. Instances of E29 Design or Procedure can be structured in parts and sequences or depend on others. This is modelled using P69 has association with (is associated with): E29 Design or Procedure. Designs or procedures can be seen as one of the following 1 A schema for the activities it describes 2 A schema of the products that result from their application. 3 An independent intellectual product that may have never been applied, such as Leonardo da Vinci’s famous plans for flying machines. Because designs or procedures may never be applied or only partially executed, the CIDOC CRM models a loose relationship between the plan and the respective product.
Examples:	the ISO standardisation procedure the musical notation for Beethoven’s “Ode to Joy” (Kershaw, 1999) the architectural drawings for the Kölner Dom (Cologne Cathedral) in Cologne, Germany (Wolff, 1999) the drawing on the folio 860 of the Codex Atlanticus from Leonardo da Vinci, 1486-1490, kept in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan
In First Order Logic:	E29(x) ⇒ E73(x)
Properties:	P68 foresees use of (use foreseen by): E57 Material P69 has association with (is associated with): E29 Design or Procedure (P69.1 has type: E55_Type)

E29_Projet_ou_Procédure

E30 Right

Subclass of:	E89 Propositional Object
Superclass of:
Scope Note:	This class comprises legal privileges concerning material and immaterial things or their derivatives. These include reproduction and property rights.
Examples:	copyright held by ISO on ISO/CD 21127 ownership of the “Mona Lisa” by the museum of the Louvre, Paris, France
In First Order Logic:	E30(x) ⇒ E89(x)
Properties:

E30_Droit

E31_Document

Subclass of:	E73 Information Object
Superclass of:	E32 Authority Document
Scope note:	This class comprises identifiable immaterial items that make propositions about reality. These propositions may be expressed in text, graphics, images, audiograms, videograms or by other similar means. Documentation databases are regarded as instances of E31_Document. This class should not be confused with the concept “document” in Information Technology, which is compatible with E73 Information Object.
Examples:	the Encyclopaedia Britannica (E32) (Kogan, 1958) the image content of the photo of the Allied Leaders at Yalta published by UPI, 1945 (E36) Domesday Book [a manuscript record of the "Great Survey" of much of England and parts of Wales completed in 1086 by order of King William the Conqueror] (Hallam 1986)
In First Order Logic:	E31(x) ⇒ E73(x)
Properties:	P70 documents (is documented in): E1 CRM Entity

E31_Document

E32 Authority Document

Subclass of:	E31_Document
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class comprises encyclopaedia, thesauri, authority lists and other documents that define terminology or conceptual systems for consistent use.
Examples:	Webster's Dictionary (Herbert, 1994) Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus (Getty Trust, 1990) the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (Gergatsoulis et al., 2010)
In First Order Logic:	E32(x) ⇒ E31(x)
Properties:	P71 lists (is listed in): E1 CRM Entity

E32 Document d'Autorité

E33 Linguistic Object

Subclass of:	E73 Information Object
Superclass of:	E34_Inscription E35 Title
Scope note:	This class comprises identifiable expressions in natural language or languages. Instances of E33 Linguistic Object can be expressed in many ways: e.g., as written texts, recorded speech or sign language. However, the CIDOC CRM treats instances of E33 Linguistic Object independently from the medium or method by which they are expressed. Expressions in formal languages, such as computer code or mathematical formulae, are not treated as instances of E33 Linguistic Object by the CIDOC CRM. These should be modelled as instances of E73 Information Object. In general, an instance of E33 Linguistic Object may also contain non-linguistic information, often of artistic or aesthetic value. Only in cases in which the content of an instance of E33 Linguistic Object can completely be expressed by a series of binary-encoded symbols, its content may be documented within a respective knowledge base by the property P190 has symbolic content: E62 String. Otherwise, it should be understood as an identifiable digital resource only available independently from the respective knowledge base. In other cases, such as pages of an illuminated manuscript or recordings containing speech in a language supported by a writing system, the linguistic part of the content of an instance of E33 Linguistic Object may be documented within a respective knowledge base in a note by P3 has note: E62 String. Otherwise, it may be described using the property P165 incorporates (is incorporated in): E73 Information Object as a different object with its own identity.
Examples:	the text of the Ellesmere Chaucer manuscript (Hilmo, 2019) the lyrics of the song "Blue Suede Shoes" (Cooper, 2008) the text of the “Jabberwocky” by Lewis Carroll (Carroll, 1981) the text of "Doktoro Jekyll kaj Sinjoro Hyde" [an Esperanto translation of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]. (Stevenson, Morrison and Mann, 1909) the free dialog in the local dialect recorded in 1958, Telemark, Norway stored on tape or.7-89.s1 (00.15:46-00:34), The Language Collection at the University Library in Bergen, Norway (as by 2020)
In First Order Logic:	E33(x) ⇒ E73(x)
Properties:	P72 has language (is language of): E56 Language P73 has translation (is translation of): E33 Linguistic Object

E33_Objet_linguistique

E34_Inscription

Subclass of:	E33 Linguistic Object E37 Mark
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class comprises recognisable, texts attached to instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing. The transcription of the text can be documented in a note by P3 has note: E62 String. The alphabet used can be documented by P2 has type: E55_Type. This class does not intend to describe the idiosyncratic characteristics of an individual physical embodiment of an inscription, but the underlying prototype. The physical embodiment is modelled in the CIDOC CRM as instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing. The relationship of a physical copy of a book to the text it contains is modelled using E18 Physical Thing. P128 carries (is carried by): E33 Linguistic Object.
Examples:	“keep off the grass” [on a sign stuck in the lawn of the quad of Balliol College, Oxford, UK] the text published in Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum V 895 (Mommsen, 1872) “Kilroy was here”
In First Order Logic:	E34(x) ⇒ E33(x) E34(x) ⇒ E37(x)
Properties:

E34_Inscription

E35 Title

Subclass of:	E33 Linguistic Object E41_Appellation
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class comprises textual strings that within a cultural context can be clearly identified as titles due to their form. Being a subclass of E41_Appellation, E35 Title can only be used when such a string is actually used as a title of a work, such as a text, an artwork, or a piece of music. Titles are proper noun phrases or verbal phrases, and should not be confused with generic object names such as “chair”, “painting” or “book” (the latter are common nouns that stand for instances of E55_Type). Titles may be assigned by the creator of the work itself, or by a social group. This class also comprises the translations of titles that are used as surrogates for the original titles in different social contexts.
Examples:	“The Merchant of Venice” (McCullough, 2005) “Mona Lisa” (Mohen, Menu and Mottin, 2006) “La Pie” (Bortolatto, 1981) “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds” (Lennon, 1967)
In First Order Logic:	E35(x) ⇒ E33(x) E35(x) ⇒ E41(x)
Properties:

E35_Titre

E36 Visual Item

Subclass of:	E73 Information Object
Superclass of:	E37 Mark
Scope Note:	This class comprises the intellectual or conceptual aspects of recognisable marks, images and other visual works. This class does not intend to describe the idiosyncratic characteristics of an individual physical embodiment of a visual item, but the underlying prototype. For example, a mark such as the ICOM logo is generally considered to be the same logo when used on any number of publications. The size, orientation and colour may change, but the logo remains uniquely identifiable. The same is true of images that are reproduced many times. This means that visual items are independent of their physical support. The class E36 Visual Item provides a means of identifying and linking together instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing that carry the same visual qualities (symbols, marks or images etc.). The property P62 depicts (is depicted by) between E24 Physical Human-Made Thing and depicted subjects (E1 CRM Entity) is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E24 Physical Human-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item (is shown by), E36 Visual Item, P138 represents (has representation) to E1CRM Entity, which in addition captures the optical features of the depiction.
Examples:	the visual appearance of Monet’s “La Pie” (Bortolatto, 1981) the Coca-Cola logo (E34) the Chi-Rho (E37) the communist red star (E37) the surface shape of Auguste Rodin's statue "Le Penseur" [there exist more than 20 copies, even of different size. Therefore, this is a good example that it is only the common surface shape, an immaterial visual item, which justifies displaying these copies as works of Auguste Rodin. As usual practice, Rodin himself did not produce the bronze statue, but only the prototype model]
In First Order Logic:	E36(x) ⇒ E73(x)
Properties:	P138 represents (has representation): E1 CRM Entity (P138.1 mode of representation: E55_Type)

E36_Élément visuel

E37 Mark

Subclass of:	E36 Visual Item
Superclass of:	E34_Inscription
Scope note:	This class comprises symbols, signs, signatures or short texts applied to instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing by arbitrary techniques, often in order to indicate such things as creator, owner, dedications, purpose or to communicate information generally. Instances of E37 Mark do not represent the actual image of a mark, but the abstract ideal (or archetype) as used for codification in reference documents forming cultural documentation. This class specifically excludes features that have no semantic significance, such as scratches or tool marks. These should be documented as instances of E25 Human-Made Feature.
Examples:	Minoan double axe mark (Lowe Fri, 2011) © ☺
In First Order Logic:	E37(x) ⇒ E36(x)
Properties:

E37_Marque

E39 Actor

Subclass of:	E77 Persistent Item
Superclass of:	E21 Person E74 Group
Scope note:	This class comprises people, either individually or in groups, who have the potential to perform intentional actions of kinds for which someone may be held responsible.
Examples:	London and Continental Railways (E40) the Governor of the Bank of England in 1975 (E21) Sir Ian McKellan (E21) (Gibson, 1986)
In First Order Logic:	E39(x) ⊃ E77(x)
Properties:	P74 has current or former residence (is current or former residence of): E53 Place P75 possesses (is possessed by): E30 Right P76 has contact point (provides access to): E41_Appellation

E39_Acteur·rice·x

E41_Appellation

Subclass of:	E90 Symbolic Object
Superclass of:	E35 Title E42 Identifier E61 Time Primitive E94 Space Primitive E95 Spacetime Primitive
Scope note:	This class comprises signs, either meaningful or not, or arrangements of signs following a specific syntax, that are used or can be used to refer to and identify a specific instance of some class or category within a certain context. Instances of E41_Appellation do not identify things by their meaning, even if they happen to have one, but instead by convention, tradition, or agreement. Instances of E41_Appellation are cultural constructs; as such, they have a context, a history, and a use in time and space by some group of users. A given instance of E41_Appellation can have alternative forms, i.e., other instances of E41_Appellation that are always regarded as equivalent independent from the thing it denotes. Different languages may use different appellations for the same thing, such as the names of major cities. Some appellations may be formulated using a valid noun phrase of a particular language. In these cases, the respective instances of E41_Appellation should also be declared as instances of E33 Linguistic Object. Then the language using the appellation can be declared with the property P72 has language: E56 Language. Instances of E41_Appellation may be used to identify any instance of E1 CRM Entity and sometimes are characteristic for instances of more specific subclasses E1 CRM Entity, such as for instances of E52 Time-Span (for instance “dates”), E39 Actor, E53 Place or E28 Conceptual Object. Postal addresses and E-mail addresses are characteristic examples of identifiers used by services transporting things between clients. Even numerically expressed identifiers for extents in space or time are also regarded as instances of E41_Appellation, such as Gregorian dates or spatial coordinates, even though they allow for determining some time or location by a known procedure starting from a reference point and by virtue of that fact play a double role as instances of E59 Primitive Value. E41_Appellation should not be confused with the act of naming something. Cf. E15 Identifier Assignment
Examples:	"Martin" “Aquae Sulis Minerva” "the Merchant of Venice" (E35) (McCullough, 2005) "Spigelia marilandica (L.) L." [not the species, just the name] (Hershberger, Robacker and Jenkins, 2015) "information science" [not the science itself, but the name through which we refer to it in an English-speaking context] “安” [Chinese “an”, meaning “peace”] “6°5’29”N 45°12’13”W” [example of a spatial coordinate] “Black queen’s bishop 4” [chess coordinate, example of an identifier in a conceptual space (E89)] “19-MAR-1922” [example of date] “+41 22 418 5571” [example of contact point] "weasel@paveprime.com" [example of contact point] “CH-1211, Genève” [example of place appellation] “1-29-3 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 121, Japan” [example of a postal address] “the poop deck of H.M.S Victory” [example of a section definition on a human-made object (E22)] “the Venus de Milo’s left buttock” [example of a section definition on a human-made object (E22)]
In First Order Logic:	E41(x) ⇒ E90(x)
Properties:	P139 has alternative form: E41_Appellation (P139.1 has type: E55_Type)

E41_Appellation

E42 Identifier

Subclass of:	E41_Appellation
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class comprises strings or codes assigned to instances of E1 CRM Entity in order to identify them uniquely and permanently within the context of one or more organisations. Such codes are often known as inventory numbers, registration codes, etc. and are typically composed of alphanumeric sequences. Postal addresses, telephone numbers, urls and e-mail addresses are characteristic examples of identifiers used by services transporting things between clients. The class E42 Identifier is not normally used for machine-generated identifiers used for automated processing unless these are also used by human agents.
Examples:	“MM.GE.195” “13.45.1976” “OXCMS: 1997.4.1” (fictitious) “ISSN 0041-5278” [Identifier for “The Unesco courier (Print)”] “ISRC FIFIN8900186” [Identifier for : Kraft (29 min 14 s) / Magnus Lindberg, comp. ; Toimii Ensemble ; Swedish Radio symphony orchestra ; Esa-Pekka Salonen, dir.] Shelf mark “Res 8 P 10” “Guillaume de Machaut (1300?-1377)” [a controlled personal name heading that follows the French rules] (Reaney, 1974) “+41 22 418 5571” weasel@paveprime.com “Rue David Dufour 5, CH-1211, Genève” “1-29-3 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 121, Japan”
In First Order Logic:	E42(x) ⇒ E41(x)

E42

E52 Time-Span

Subclass of:	E1 CRM Entity
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class comprises abstract temporal extents, in the sense of Galilean physics, having a beginning, an end and a duration. Instances of E52 Time-Span have no semantic connotations about phenomena happening within the temporal extent they represent. They do not convey any meaning other than a positioning on the “time-line” of chronology. The actual extent of an instance of E52 Time-Span can be approximated by properties of E52 Time-Span giving inner and outer bounds in the form of dates (instances of E61 Time Primitive). Comparing knowledge about time-spans is fundamental for chronological reasoning. Some instances of E52 Time-Span may be defined as the actual, in principle observable, temporal extent of instances of E2 Temporal Entity via the property P4 has time-span (is time-span of): E52 Time-Span. They constitute phenomenal time-spans as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel 2013). Since our knowledge of history is imperfect and physical phenomena are fuzzy in nature, the extent of phenomenal time-spans can only be described in approximation. An extreme case of approximation, might, for example, define an instance of E52 Time-Span having unknown beginning, end and duration. It may, nevertheless, be associated with other descriptions by which we can infer knowledge about it, such as in relative chronologies. Some instances of E52 may be defined precisely as representing a declaration of a temporal extent, as, for instance, done in a business contract. They constitute declarative time-spans as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel 2013) and can be described via the property E61 Time Primitive P170 defines time (time is defined by): E52 Time-Span. When used as a common E52 Time-Span for two events, it will nevertheless describe them as being simultaneous, even if nothing else is known.
Examples:	1961 From 12-17-1993 to 12-8-1996 14h30 – 16h22 4th July 1945 9.30 am 1.1.1999 to 2.00 pm 1.1.1999 the time-span of the Ming Dynasty (Chan, 2011)
In First Order Logic:	E52(x) ⇒ E1(x)
Properties:	P79 beginning is qualified by: E62 String P80 end is qualified by: E62 String P81 ongoing throughout: E61 Time Primitive P82 at some time within: E61 Time Primitive P86 falls within (contains): E52 Time-Span P191 had duration (was duration of): E54_Dimension

E52_Laps_de_temps

E53 Place

Subclass of:	E1 CRM Entity
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class comprises extents in space, in particular on the surface of the earth, in the pure sense of physics: independent from temporal phenomena and matter. The instances of E53 Place are usually determined by reference to the position of “immobile” objects such as buildings, cities, mountains, rivers, or dedicated geodetic marks, but may also be determined by reference to mobile objects. A Place can be determined by combining a frame of reference and a location with respect to this frame. It is sometimes argued that instances of E53 Place are best identified by global coordinates or absolute reference systems. However, relative references are often more relevant in the context of cultural documentation and tend to be more precise. In particular, we are often interested in position in relation to large, mobile objects, such as ships. For example, the Place at which Nelson died is known with reference to a large mobile object – H.M.S Victory. A resolution of this Place in terms of absolute coordinates would require knowledge of the movements of the vessel and the precise time of death, either of which may be revised, and the result would lack historical and cultural relevance. Any instance of E18 Physical Thing can serve as a frame of reference for an instance of E53 Place. This may be documented using the property P157 is at rest relative to (provides reference space for).
Examples:	the extent of the UK in the year 2003 the position of the hallmark on the inside of my wedding ring (fictitious) the place referred to in the phrase: “Fish collected at three miles north of the confluence of the Arve and the Rhone” here -> <- [the place between these two arrows in one of the reader's paper copy of this document. Each copy constitutes a different place of this spot.]
In First Order Logic:	E53(x) ⇒ E1(x)
Properties:	P89 falls within (contains): E53 Place P121 overlaps with: E53 Place P122 borders with: E53 Place P157 is at rest relative to (provides reference space for): E18 Physical Thing P168 place is defined by (defines place): E94 Space Primitive P171 at some place within: E94 Space Primitive P172 contains: E94 Space Primitive P189 approximates (is approximated by): E53 Place

E53_Lieu

E54_Dimension

Subclass of:	E1 CRM Entity
Superclass of:	E97 Monetary Amount
Scope note:	This class comprises quantifiable properties that can be measured by some calibrated means and can be approximated by values, i.e., by points or regions in a mathematical or conceptual space, such as natural or real numbers, RGB values etc. An instance of E54_Dimension represents the empirical or theoretically derived quantity, including the precision tolerances resulting from the particular method or calculation. The identity of an instance of E54_Dimension depends on the method of its determination because each method may produce different values even when determining comparable qualities. For instance, the wingspan of a bird alive or dead is a different dimension. Thermoluninescence dating and Rehydroxylation [RHX] dating are different dimensions of temporal distance from now, even if they aim at dating the same object. The method of determination should be expressed using the property P2 has type (is type of). Note that simple terms such as “diameter” or “length” are normally insufficient to unambiguously describe a respective dimension. In contrast, “maximum linear extent” may be sufficient. The properties of the class E54_Dimension allow for expressing the numerical approximation of the values of instances of E54_Dimension adequate to the precision of the applied method of determination. If the respective quantity belongs to a non-discrete space according to the laws of physics, such as spatial distances, it is recommended to record them as approximations by intervals or regions of indeterminacy enclosing the assumed true values. For instance, a length of 5 cm may be recorded as 4.5-5.5 cm, according to the precision of the respective observation. Note, that comparability of values described in different units depends critically on the representation as value regions. Numerical approximations in archaic instances of E58 Measurement Unit used in historical records should be preserved. Equivalents corresponding to current knowledge should be recorded as additional instances of E54_Dimension, as appropriate.
Examples:	the weight of the Luxor Obelisk [250 metric tons] the vertical height of the statue of David by Michaelangelo [5.17 metres] the weight of the Great Star of Africa diamond [530.2 carats] the calibrated C14 date for the Shroud of Turin [AD1262-1312, 1303-1384] the horizontal diameter of the Stonehenge Sarsen Circle [33 metres] (Pryor, 2016) the length of the sides of the Great Pyramid at Giza [230.34 metres] (Lehner and Hawass, 2017) the duration of the time span of the Battle of Issos/Issus on 15th November 333 B.C.E. [less than 12 hours] (Howard, 2012) Christie’s hammer price, in British Pounds, for Vincent van Gogh's "Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers" in London on 30th March 1987 (E97) [24.75 million GBP (Brithish Pounds)]
In First Order Logic:	E54(x) ⇒ E1(x)
Properties:	P90 has value: E60 Number P91 has unit (is unit of): E58 Measurement Unit

E54

E55_Type

Subclass of:	E28 Conceptual Object
Superclass of:	E56 Language E57 Material E58 Measurement Unit E99 Product Type
Scope note:	This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of CIDOC CRM classes. Instances of E55_Type represent concepts in contrast to instances of E41_Appellation which are used to name instances of CIDOC CRM classes. E55_Type is the CIDOC CRM’s interface to domain specific ontologies and thesauri. These can be represented in the CIDOC CRM as subclasses of E55_Type, forming hierarchies of terms, i.e., instances of E55_Type linked via P127 has broader term (has narrower term): E55_Type. Such hierarchies may be extended with additional properties.
Examples:	weight, length, depth [types for instances of E54] portrait, sketch, animation [types for instances of E36] French, English, German (E56) excellent, good, poor [types for instances of E3] Ford Model T, chop stick [types for instances of E22] cave, doline, scratch [types for instances of E26] poem, short story [types for instances of E33] wedding, earthquake, skirmish [types for instances of E5]
In First Order Logic:	E55(x) ⇒ E28(x)
Properties:	P127 has broader term (has narrower term): E55_Type P150 defines typical parts of (define typical wholes for): E55_Type

E55_Type

E56 Language

Subclass of:	E55_Type
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class is a specialization of E55_Type and comprises the natural languages in the sense of concepts. This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e., the Model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E56 Language, e.g.: “instances of Mandarin Chinese”. It is recommended that internationally or nationally agreed codes and terminology are used to denote instances of E56 Language, such as those defined in ISO 639-1:2002 and later versions.
Examples:	el [Greek] (Palmer, 1980) en [English] (Wilson, 1983) eo [Esperanto] (Nuessel, 2000) es [Spanish] (Pineda, 1993) fr [French] (Rickard, 1974)
In First Order Logic:	E56(x) ⇒ E55(x)

E56_Langue

E57 Material

Subclass of:	E55_Type
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class is a specialization of E55_Type and comprises the concepts of materials. Instances of E57 Material may denote properties of matter before its use, during its use, and as incorporated in an object, such as ultramarine powder, tempera paste, reinforced concrete. Discrete pieces of raw-materials kept in museums, such as bricks, sheets of fabric, pieces of metal, should be modelled individually in the same way as other objects. Discrete used or processed pieces, such as the stones from Nefer Titi's temple, should be modelled as parts (cf. P46 is composed of (forms part of): E18 Physical Thing). This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e., the Model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E57 Material, e.g.: “instances of gold”. It is recommended that internationally or nationally agreed codes and terminology are used.
Examples:	brick (Gurcke, 1987) gold (Watson, 1990) aluminium (Norman, 1986) polycarbonate (Mhaske, 2011) resin (Barton, 1992)
In First Order Logic:	E57(x) ⇒ E55(x)

E57_Matériau

E58 Measurement Unit

Subclass of:	E55_Type
Superclass of:	E98 Currency
Scope Note:	This class is a specialization of E55_Type and comprises the types of measurement units: feet, inches, centimetres, litres, lumens, etc. This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e., the Model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E58 Measurement Unit, e.g.: “instances of cm”. Système International (SI) units or internationally recognized non-SI terms should be used whenever possible, such as those defined by ISO80000:2009. Archaic Measurement Units used in historical records should be preserved.
Examples:	cm [centimetre] km [kilometre] m [meter] m/s [meters per second] (Hau et al., 1999) A [Ampere] GRD [Greek Drachme] (E98) (Daniel, 2014) C [degrees centigrade] (Beckman, 1998)
In First Order Logic:	E58(x) ⇒ E55(x)

E58_Unité_de_mesure

E59 Primitive Value

Subclass of:	E1 CRM Entity
Superclass of:	E60 Number E61 Time Primitive E62 String E94 Space Primitive E95 Spacetime Primitive
Scope Note:	This class comprises values of primitive data types of programming languages or database management systems and data types composed of such values used as documentation elements, as well as their mathematical abstractions. The instances of E59 Primitive Value and its subclasses are not considered elements of the universe of discourse the CIDOC CRM aims to define and analyze. Rather, they play the role of a symbolic interface between the scope of the model and the world of mathematical and computational manipulations and the symbolic objects they define and handle. In particular, they comprise lexical forms encoded as "strings" or series of characters and symbols based on encoding schemes (characterised by being a limited subset of the respective mathematical abstractions) such as UNICODE and values of datatypes that can be encoded in a lexical form, including quantitative specifications of time-spans and geometry. They have in common that instances of E59 Primitive Value define themselves by virtue of their encoded value, regardless of the nature of their mathematical abstractions. Therefore, in an implementation, instances of E59 Primitive should be represented directly in the encoded symbolic form supported by the respective platform, such as a character string or a formatted date. They must not be represented in an implementation indirectly via, another a universal resource identifier, which in turn is linked to the actual encoded symbolic form. In a concrete application, it is recommended that the primitive value system from a chosen implementation platform and/or data definition language be used to substitute for this class and its subclasses.
Examples:	“ABCDEFG” (E62) 3.14 (E60) 0 (E60) 1921-01-01 (E61)
In First Order Logic:	E59(x) ⇒ E1(x)

E59

E60 Number

Subclass of:	E59 Primitive Value
Superclass of:
Scope Note:	This class comprises any encoding of computable (algebraic) values such as integers, real numbers, complex numbers, vectors, tensors etc., including intervals of these values to express limited precision. Numbers are fundamentally distinct from numerically expressed identifiers in continua, which are instances of E41_Appellation, such as Gregorian dates or spatial coordinates, even though their encoding may be similar. Instances of E60 Number can be combined with each other in algebraic operations to yield other instances of E60 Number, e.g., 1+1=2. Identifiers in continua may be combined with numbers expressing distances to yield new identifiers, e.g., 1924-01-31 + 2 days = 1924-02-02. Cf. E54_Dimension.
Examples:	5 3+2i 1.5e-04 (0.5, - 0.7,88)
In First Order Logic:	E60(x) ⇒ E59(x)

E60

E61 Time Primitive

Subclass of:	E41_Appellation E59 Primitive Value
Superclass of:
Scope Note:	This class comprises instances of E59 Primitive Value for time that should be implemented with appropriate validation, precision and references to temporal coordinate systems to express time in some context relevant to cultural and scientific documentation. Instantiating different instances of E61 Time Primitive relative to the same instance of E52 Time Span allows for the expression of multiple opinions/approximations of the same phenomenon. When representing different opinions/approximations of the E52 Time Span of some E2 Temporal Entity, multiple instances of E61 Time Primitive should be instantiated relative to one E52 Time Span. Only one E52 Time Span should be instantiated since there is only one real phenomenal time extent of any given temporal entity. The instances of E61 Time Primitive are not considered as elements of the universe of discourse that the CIDOC CRM aims at defining and analysing. Rather, they play the role of a symbolic interface between the scope of this model and the world of mathematical and computational manipulations and the symbolic objects they define and handle. Therefore, they must not be represented in an implementation by a universal identifier associated with a content model of different identity. In a concrete application, it is recommended that the primitive value system from a chosen implementation platform and/or data definition language be used to substitute for this class.
Examples:	“1994 – 1997” “13th May 1768” “2000/01/01 00:00:59.7” “85th century BCE”
In First Order Logic:	E61(x) ⇒ E41(x) E61(x) ⇒ E59(x)
Properties:	P170 defines time (time is defined by): E52 Time Span

E61

E62 String

Subclass of:	E59 Primitive Value
Superclass of:
Scope Note:	This class comprises coherent sequences of binary-encoded symbols. They correspond to the content of an instance of E90 Symbolic object. Instances of E62 String represent only the symbol sequence itself. They may or may not contain a language code. In contrast, instances of other subclasses of E59 Primitive value represent entities in mathematical spaces other than that of symbol sequences, by using binary-encoded symbols, such as date expressions or numbers in decimal encoding. For instance, different syntactic forms of a date expression may represent the same date but consist of different strings.
Examples:	“the Quick Brown Fox Jumps Over the Lazy Dog” “6F 6E 54 79 70 31 0D 9E”
In First Order Logic:	E62(x) ⇒ E59(x)

E62

E63 Beginning of Existence

Subclass of:	E5 Event
Superclass of:	E12_Production E65 Creation E66_Formation E67 Birth E81_Transformation
Scope note:	This class comprises events that bring into existence any instance of E77 Persistent Item. It may be used for temporal reasoning about things (intellectual products, physical items, groups of people, living beings) beginning to exist; it serves as a hook for determination of a “terminus post quem” or “terminus ante quem”.
Examples:	the birth of my child (E67) (fictitious) the birth of Snoopy, my dog (fictitious) the calving of the iceberg that sank the Titanic the construction of the Eiffel Tower (E12) (Tissandier, 1889)
In First Order Logic:	E63(x) ⇒ E5(x)
Properties:	P92 brought into existence (was brought into existence by): E77 Persistent Item

E63_Début_d’existence

E64 End of Existence

Subclass of:	E5 Event
Superclass of:	E6_Destruction E68_Dissolution E69 Death E81_Transformation
Scope note:	This class comprises events that end the existence of any instance of E77 Persistent Item. It may be used for temporal reasoning about things (physical items, groups of people, living beings) ceasing to exist; it serves as a hook for determination of a “terminus post quem” or “terminus ante quem”. In cases where substance from an instance of E64 Persistent Item continues to exist in a new form, the process would be documented as instances of E81_Transformation.
Examples:	the death of Snoopy, my dog (fictitious) the melting of the snowman (E6) the burning of the Temple of Artemis in Ephesos by Herostratos in 356BC (E7,E6) (Trell, 1945)
In First Order Logic:	E64(x) ⇒ E5(x)
Properties:	P93 took out of existence (was taken out of existence by): E77 Persistent Item

E64_Fin_d'existence

E65 Creation

Subclass of:	E7 Activity E63 Beginning of Existence
Superclass of:	E83 Type Creation
Scope note:	This class comprises events that result in the creation of conceptual items or immaterial products, such as legends, poems, texts, music, images, movies, laws, types etc.
Examples:	the framing of the U.S. Constitution (Farrand, 1913) the drafting of U.N. resolution 1441 (United Nations Security Council, 2002)
In First Order Logic:	E65(x) ⇒ E7(x) E65(x) ⇒ E63(x)
Properties:	P94 has created (was created by): E28 Conceptual Object

E65_Création

E66_Formation

Subclass of:	E7 Activity E63 Beginning of Existence
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class comprises events that result in the formation of a formal or informal E74 Group of people, such as a club, society, association, corporation or nation. E66_Formation does not include the arbitrary aggregation of people who do not act as a collective. The formation of an instance of E74 Group does not require that the group is populated with members at the time of formation. In order to express the joining of members at the time of formation, the respective activity should be simultaneously an instance of both E66_Formation and E85 Joining.
Examples:	the formation of the CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group the formation of the Soviet Union (Pipes, 1964) the conspiring of the murderers of Caesar (Irwin, 1935)
In First Order Logic:	E66(x) ⊃ E7(x) E66(x) ⊃ E63(x)
Properties:	P95 has formed (was formed by): E74 Group P151 was formed from: E74 Group

E66

E67 Birth

Subclass of:	E63 Beginning of Existence
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class comprises the births of human beings. E67 Birth is a biological event focussing on the context of people coming into life. (E63 Beginning of Existence comprises the coming into life of any living being). Twins, triplets etc. are typically brought into life by the same instance of E67 Birth. The introduction of E67 Birth as a documentation element allows the description of a range of family relationships in a simple model. Suitable extensions may describe more details and the complexity of motherhood with the intervention of modern medicine. In this model, the biological father is not seen as a necessary participant in the birth.
Examples:	the birth of Alexander the Great (Stoneman, 2004)
In First Order Logic:	E67(x) ⇒ E63(x)
Properties:	P96 by mother (gave birth): E21 Person P97 from father (was father for): E21 Person P98 brought into life (was born): E21 Person

E67_Naissance

E68_Dissolution

Subclass of:	E64 End of Existence
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class comprises the events that result in the formal or informal termination of an instance of E74 Group. If the dissolution was deliberate, the Dissolution event should also be instantiated as an instance of E7 Activity.
Examples:	the fall of the Roman Empire (Whittington, 1964) the liquidation of Enron Corporation (Atlas, 2001)
In First Order Logic:	E68(x) ⇒ E64(x)
Properties:	P99 dissolved (was dissolved by): E74 Group

E68_Dissolution

E69 Death

Subclass of:	E64 End of Existence
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class comprises the deaths of human beings. If a person is killed, the death should be documented as an instance of both E69 Death and E7 Activity. The death or perishing of other living beings should be documented as instances of E64 End of Existence.
Examples:	the murder of Julius Caesar (E69, E7) (Irwin, 1935) the death of Senator Paul Wellstone (Monast and Tao, 2002)
In First Order Logic:	E69(x) ⇒ E64(x)
Properties:	P100 was death of (died in): E21 Person

E69_Mort

E70 Thing

Subclass of:	E77 Persistent Item
Superclass of:	E71 Human-Made Thing E72 Legal Object
Scope note:	This general class comprises discrete, identifiable, instances of E77 Persistent Item that are documented as single units, that either consist of matter or depend on being carried by matter and are characterized by relative stability. They may be intellectual products or physical things. They may for instance have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be a logical concept or structure.
Examples:	my photograph collection (E78) (fictitious) the bottle of milk in my refrigerator (E22) (fictitious) the Riss A1 plan of the Straßburger Münster (French: Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Strasbourg) (E29) (Liess, R., 1985) the thing on the top of Otto Hahn’s desk (E19) the form of the no-smoking sign (E36) the cave of Dirou, Mani, Greece (E26) (Psimenos, 2005)
In First Order Logic:	E70(x) ⇒ E77(x)
Properties:	P43 has dimension (is dimension of): E54_Dimension P101 had as general use (was use of): E55_Type P130 shows features of (features are also found on): E70 Thing (P130.1 kind of similarity: E55_Type)

E70_Chose

E71 Human-Made Thing

Subclass of:	E70 Thing
Superclass of:	E24 Physical Human-Made Thing E28 Conceptual Object
Scope note:	This class comprises discrete, identifiable human-made items that are documented as single units. These items are either intellectual products or human-made physical things, and are characterized by relative stability. They may for instance have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be logical concepts or structures.
Examples:	Beethoven’s 5th Symphony (E73) (Lockwood, 2015) Michelangelo’s David (E22) (Paoletti and Bagemihl, 2015) Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity (E89) (Hartle, 2003) the taxon ‘Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus,1758’ (E55) (Sinkevicius and Narusevicius, 2002)
In First Order Logic:	E71(x) ⇒ E70(x)
Properties:	P102 has title (is title of): E35 Title (P102.1 has type: E55_Type) P103 was intended for (was intention of): E55_Type

E71_Chose_élaborée_par_l’humain

E72 Legal Object

Subclass of:	E70 Thing
Superclass of:	E18 Physical Thing E90 Symbolic Object
Scope note:	This class comprises those material or immaterial items to which instances of E30 Right, such as the right of ownership or use, can be applied. This is true for all instances of E18 Physical Thing. In the case of instances of E28 Conceptual Object, however, the identity of an instance of E28 Conceptual Object or the method of its use may be too ambiguous to reliably establish instances of E30 Right, as in the case of taxa and inspirations. Ownership of corporations is currently regarded as out of scope of the CIDOC CRM.
Examples:	the Cullinan diamond (E19) (Scarratt and Shor, 2006) definition of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model Version 5.0.4 (E73) (ISO 21127: 2004)
In First Order Logic:	E72(x) ⊃ E70(x)
Properties:	P104 is subject to (applies to): E30 Right P105 right held by (has right on): E39 Actor

E72

E73 Information Object

Subclass of:	E89 Propositional Object E90 Symbolic Object
Superclass of:	E29 Design or Procedure E31_Document E33 Linguistic Object E36 Visual Item
Scope note:	This class comprises identifiable immaterial items, such as a poems, jokes, data sets, images, texts, multimedia objects, procedural prescriptions, computer program code, algorithm or mathematical formulae, that have an objectively recognizable structure and are documented as single units. The encoding structure known as a "named graph" also falls under this class, so that each "named graph" is an instance of E73 Information Object.  An instance of E73 Information Object does not depend on a specific physical carrier, which can include human memory, and it can exist on one or more carriers simultaneously.  Instances of E73 Information Object of a linguistic nature should be declared as instances of the E33 Linguistic Object subclass. Instances of E73 Information Object of a documentary nature should be declared as instances of the E31_Document subclass. Conceptual items such as types and classes are not instances of E73 Information Object, nor are ideas without a reproducible expression.
Examples:	image BM000038850.JPG from the Clayton Herbarium in London (E31) E. A. Poe's "The Raven" (Poe, 1869) the movie "The Seven Samurai" by Akira Kurosawa (Mellen, 2002) the Maxwell Equations (Huray, 2010) The Getty AAT as published as Linked Open Data, accessed 1/10/2014
In First Order Logic:	E73(x) ⊃ E89(x) E73(x) ⊃ E90(x)
Properties:

E73

E74 Group

Subclass of:	E39 Actor
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class comprises any gatherings or organizations of human individuals or groups that act collectively or in a similar way due to any form of unifying relationship. In the wider sense this class also comprises official positions which used to be regarded in certain contexts as one actor, independent of the current holder of the office, such as the president of a country. In such cases, it may happen that the group never had more than one member. A joint pseudonym (i.e., a name that seems indicative of an individual but that is actually used as a persona by two or more people) is a particular case of E74 Group. A gathering of people becomes an instance of E74 Group when it exhibits organizational characteristics usually typified by a set of ideas or beliefs held in common, or actions performed together. These might be communication, creating some common artifact, a common purpose such as study, worship, business, sports, etc. Nationality can be modelled as membership in an instance of E74 Group. Married couples and other concepts of family are regarded as particular examples of E74 Group.
Examples:	the impressionists (Wilson, 1994) the Navajo (Correll, 1972) the Greeks (Williams, 1993) the peace protestors in New York City on 15th February 2003 Exxon-Mobil (Raymond, 2006) King Solomon and his wives (Thieberger, 1947) the President of the Swiss Confederation Nicolas Bourbaki [the collective pseudonym of a group of mathematicians, predominantly French alumni of the École normale supérieure] (Aczel, 2007) Betty Crocker (Crocker, 2012) Ellery Queen [Ellery Queen is a pseudonym created in 1929 by American crime fiction writers Frederic Dannay and Manfred Bennington Lee.] (Wheat, 2005) Greenpeace Paveprime Ltd the National Museum of Denmark
In First Order Logic:	E74(x) ⇒ E39(x)
Properties:	P107 has current or former member (is current or former member of): E39 Actor (P107.1 kind of member: E55_Type)

E74_Groupe

E77 Persistent Item

Subclass of:	E1 CRM Entity
Superclass of:	E39 Actor E70 Thing
Scope note:	This class comprises items that have persistent characteristics of structural nature substantially related to their identity and their integrity, sometimes known as “endurants” in philosophy. Persistent Items may be physical entities, such as people, animals or things, conceptual entities such as ideas, concepts, products of the imagination or even names. Instances of E77 Persistent Item may be present or be part of interactions in different periods or events. They can repeatedly be recognized at disparate occasions during their existence by characteristics of structural nature. The respective characteristics need not be exactly the same during all the existence of an instance of E77 Persistent Item. Often, they undergo gradual change, still bearing some similarities with that of previous times, or dissappear completely and new emerge. For instance, a person, from the time of being born on, will gradually change all its features and acquire new ones, such as a scar. Even the DNA in different body cells will develop defects and mutations. Nevertheless, relevant characteristics use to be sufficiently similar to recognize the instance for some substantial period of time. The more specific criteria that determine the identity of instances of subclasses of E77 Persistent Item may vary considerably and are described of referred to in the respective scope notes. The decision about which exact criteria to use depends on whether the observable behaviour of the respective part of reality such confined conforms to the reasoning the user is interested in. For example, a building can be regarded as no longer existing if it is dismantled and the materials reused in a different configuration. On the other hand, human beings go through radical and profound changes during their life-span, affecting both material composition and form, yet preserve their identity by other criteria, such as being bodily separated from other persons. Similarly, inanimate objects may be subject to exchange of parts and matter. On the opposite, the identity of a (version of a) text of a scientific publication is given by the exact arrangement of its relevant symbols. The main classes of objects that fall outside the scope of the E77 Persistent Item class are temporal objects such as periods, events and acts, and descriptive properties. An instance of E77 Persistent Item does not require actual knowledge of the identifying features of the instance being currently known. There may be cases, where the actual identifying features of an instance of E77 Persistent Item are not decidable at a particular state of knowledge.
Examples:	Leonard da Vinci (Strano, 1953) Stonehenge (Richards, 2005) the hole in the ozone layer (Hufford and Horwitz, 2005) the First Law of Thermodynamics (Craig and Gislason, 2002) the Bermuda Triangle (Dolan, 2005)
In First Order Logic:	E77(x) ⊃ E1(x)

E77_Entité_persistante

E78 Curated Holding

Subclass of:	E24 Physical Human-Made Thing
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class comprises aggregations of instances of E18 Physical Thing that are assembled and maintained (“curated” and “preserved,” in museological terminology) by one or more instances of E39 Actor over time for a specific purpose and audience, and according to a particular collection development plan. Typical instances of curated holdings are museum collections, archives, library holdings and digital libraries. A digital library is regarded as an instance of E18 Physical Thing because it requires keeping physical carriers of the electronic content. Items may be added or removed from an E78 Curated Holding in pursuit of this plan. This class should not be confused with the E39 Actor maintaining the E78 Curated Holding often referred to with the name of the E78 Curated Holding (e.g. “The Wallace Collection decided…”). Collective objects in the general sense, like a tomb full of gifts, a folder with stamps or a set of chessmen, should be documented as instances of E19 Physical Object, and not as instances of E78 Curated Holding. This is because they form wholes either because they are physically bound together or because they are kept together for their functionality.
Examples:	the John Clayton Herbarium (Blake, 1918), (Natural History Museum, 2021) the Wallace Collection (Ingamells, 1990) Mikael Heggelund Foslie’s coralline red algae Herbarium at Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Trondheim, Norway (Woelkerling et al., 2005) The Digital Collections of the Munich DigitiZation Center (MDZ) accessible via https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/ at least in January 2018.
In First Order Logic:	E78(x) ⊃ E24(x)
Properties:	P109 has current or former curator (is current or former curator of): E39 Actor

E78_Collection

Sous-classe de	E24_Chose_matérielle_fabriquée
Super-classe de
Note d'application:	Cette classe comprend les agrégations d’instances de E18_Chose_matérielle qui sont assemblées et entretenues (« conservées » et « préservées », selon la terminologie muséale) par une ou plusieurs instance de E39_Acteur·rice·x dans le temps, pour un but et un public spécifiques, et selon un plan particulier de développement de la collection. Les collections de musées, les archives, les fonds de bibliothèques et les bibliothèques numériques sont des exemples caractéristiques de collections conservées. Une bibliothèque numérique est considérée comme une instance de E18_Chose_matérielle parce qu’elle nécessite de conserver les supports physiques du contenu électronique. Des entités peuvent être ajoutées ou retirées d’une E78_Collection dans la poursuite de son plan de développement. Cette classe ne doit pas être confondue avec le E39_Acteur·rice·x qui garde la E78_Collection à laquelle on fait souvent référence par le nom de la E78_Collection (par exemple « la Wallace Collection » a décidé…). Les objets collectifs au sens général, comme une tombe pleine de présents, un classeur de timbres ou un jeu d’échec, doivent être documentés comme des instances de E19_Objet_matériel, et non comme des instances de E78_Collection. En effet, ils forment des ensembles car ils sont physiquement liés ou gardés ensemble pour leur fonctionnalité.
Examples:	l’herbier John Clayton (Blake, 1918), (Musée d’histoire naturelle, 2021) la Wallace Collection (Ingamells, 1990) algues rouges coralliennes de l’herbier Mikael Heggelund Foslie du Musée d'histoire naturelle et d'archéologie, Trondheim, Norvège (Woelkerling et al., 2005) les collections numériques du Centre de numérisation de Munich (Münchener Digitalisierungszentrum, MDZ) accessibles via https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/ dernière consultation Janvier 2018.
Logique du premier ordre:	E78(x) ⇒ E24(x)
Propriétés:	P109 a pour conservateur actuel ou antérieur (est conservateur actuel ou antérieur de) : E39_Acteur·rice·x

E79 Part Addition

Subclass of:	E11_Modification
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class comprises activities that result in an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing being increased, enlarged or augmented by the addition of a part. Typical scenarios include the attachment of an accessory, the integration of a component, the addition of an element to an aggregate object, or the accessioning of an object into a curated instance of E78 Curated Holding. Objects to which parts are added are, by definition, human-made, since the addition of a part implies a human activity. Following the addition of parts, the resulting human-made assemblages are treated objectively as single identifiable wholes, made up of constituent or component parts bound together either physically (for example the engine becoming a part of the car), or by sharing a common purpose (such as the 32 chess pieces that make up a chess set). This class of activities forms a basis for reasoning about the history and continuity of identity of objects that are integrated into other objects over time, such as precious gemstones being repeatedly incorporated into different items of jewellery, or cultural artifacts being added to different museum instances of E78 Curated Holding over their lifespan.
Examples:	the setting of the koh-i-noor diamond into the crown of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother (Dalrymple, 2017) the addition of the painting “Room in Brooklyn” by Edward Hopper to the collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
In First Order Logic:	E79(x) ⊃ E11(x)
Properties:	P110 augmented (was augmented by): E24 Physical Human-Made Thing P111 added (was added by): E18 Physical Thing

E79

E80 Part Removal

Subclass of:	E11_Modification
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class comprises the activities that result in an instance of E18 Physical Thing being decreased by the removal of a part. Typical scenarios include the detachment of an accessory, the removal of a component or part of a composite object, or the deaccessioning of an object from a curated collection, an instance of E78 Curated Holding. If the instance of E80 Part Removal results in the total decomposition of the original object into pieces, such that the whole ceases to exist, the activity should instead be modelled as an instance of E81_Transformation, i.e. a simultaneous destruction and production. In cases where the part removed has no discernible identity prior to its removal but does have an identity subsequent to its removal, the activity should be modelled as both an instance of E80 Part Removal and E12_Production. This class of activities forms a basis for reasoning about the history, and continuity of identity over time, of objects that are removed from other objects, such as precious gemstones being extracted from different items of jewelry, or cultural artifacts being deaccessioned from different museum collections over their lifespan.
Examples:	the removal of the engine from my car the disposal of object number 1976:234 from the collection
In First Order Logic:	E80(x) ⊃ E11(x)
Properties:	P112 diminished (was diminished by): E24 Physical Human-Made Thing P113 removed (was removed by): E18 Physical Thing

E80

E81_Transformation

Subclass of:	E63 Beginning of Existence E64 End of Existence
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class comprises the events that result in the simultaneous destruction of one or more than one instance of E18 Physical Thing and the creation of one or more than one instance of E18 Physical Thing that preserves recognizable substance and structure from the first one(s) but has fundamentally different nature or identity. Although the old and the new instances of E18 Physical Thing are treated as discrete entities having separate, unique identities, they are causally connected through an instance of E81_Transformation. The creation of the new instances of E18 Physical Thing directly causes the destruction of the old instances of E18 Physical Thing using or preserving some relevant substance and structure. Instances of E81_Transformation are therefore distinct from re-classifications (documented as instances of E17 Type Assignment) or modifications (documented as instances of E11_Modification) of objects that do not fundamentally change their nature or identity. Characteristic cases of instances of E81_Transformation are reconstructions and repurposing of historical buildings or ruins, fires leaving buildings in ruins, taxidermy of specimens in natural history.
Examples:	the death and mummification of Tut-Ankh-Amun (transformation of Tut-Ankh-Amun from a living person to a mummy) (E69,E81,E7)
In First Order Logic:	E81(x) ⊃ E63(x) E81(x) ⊃ E64(x)
Properties:	P123 resulted in (resulted from): E18 Physical Thing P124 transformed (was transformed by): E18 Physical Thing

E81

E83 Type Creation

Subclass of:	E65 Creation
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class comprises activities formally defining new types of items. It is typically a rigorous scholarly or scientific process that ensures a type is exhaustively described and appropriately named. In some cases, particularly in archaeology and the life sciences, E83 Type Creation requires the identification of an exemplary specimen and the publication of the type definition in an appropriate scholarly forum. The activity modelled as an instance of E83 Type Creation is central to research in the life sciences, where a type would be referred to as a “taxon,” the type description as a “protologue,” and the exemplary specimens as “original element” or “holotype”.
Examples:	creation of the taxon 'Penicillium brefeldianum (B. O. Dodge', 1933) addition of class E85 Joining to the CIDOC CRM
In First Order Logic:	E83(x) ⊃ E65(x)
Properties:	P135 created type (was created by): E55_Type P136 was based on (supported type creation): E1 CRM Entity (P136.1 in the taxonomic role: E55_Type)

E83

E85 Joining

Subclass of:	E7 Activity
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class comprises the activities that result in an instance of E39 Actor becoming a member of an instance of E74 Group. This class does not imply initiative by either party. It may be the initiative of a third party. Typical scenarios include becoming a member of a social organisation, becoming employee of a company, marriage, the adoption of a child by a family and the inauguration of somebody into an official position.
Examples:	The election of Sir Isaac Newton as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament of 1689 (Gleick,2003) The inauguration of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev as leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1985 (Butson, 1986) The implementation of the membership treaty between EU and Denmark January 1. 1993
In First Order Logic:	E85(x) ⊃ E7(x)
Properties:	P143 joined (was joined by): E39 Actor P144 joined with (gained member by) E74 Group (P144.1 kind of member: E55_Type)

E85_Intégration

E86 Leaving

Subclass of:	E7 Activity
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class comprises the activities that result in an instance of E39 Actor to be disassociated from an instance of E74 Group. This class does not imply initiative by either party. It may be the initiative of a third party. Typical scenarios include the termination of membership in a social organisation, ending the employment at a company, divorce, and the end of tenure of somebody in an official position.
Examples:	The end of Sir Isaac Newton’s duty as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament in 1702 (Gleick, 2003) George Washington’s leaving office in 1797 (Jones, 1979) The implementation of the treaty regulating the termination of Greenland’s membership in EU between EU, Denmark and Greenland February 1. 1985
In First Order Logic:	E86(x) ⊃ E7(x)
Properties:	P145 separated (left by) E39 Actor P146 separated from (lost member by) E74 Group

E86

E87 Curation Activity

Subclass of:	E7 Activity
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class comprises the activities that result in the continuity of management and the preservation and evolution of instances of E78 Curated Holding, following an implicit or explicit curation plan. It specializes the notion of activity into the curation of a collection and allows the history of curation to be recorded. Items are accumulated and organized following criteria like subject, chronological period, material type, style of art etc. and can be added or removed from an instance of E78 Curated Holding for a specific purpose and/or audience. The initial aggregation of items of a collection is regarded as an instance of E12_Production Event while the activity of evolving, preserving and promoting a collection is regarded as an instance of E87 Curation Activity.
Examples:	The curation of Mikael Heggelund Foslie’s coralline red algae Herbarium 1876 – 1909 (when Foslie died), now at Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Norway
In First Order Logic:	E87(x) ⊃ E7(x)
Properties:	P147 curated (was curated by): E78 Curated Holding

E87_Activité_curatoriale

E89 Propositional Object

Subclass of:	E28 Conceptual Object
Superclass of:	E73 Information Object E30 Right
Scope note:	This class comprises immaterial items, including but not limited to stories, plots, procedural prescriptions, algorithms, laws of physics or images that are, or represent in some sense, sets of propositions about real or imaginary things and that are documented as single units or serve as topic of discourse. This class also comprises items that are “about” something in the sense of a subject. In the wider sense, this class includes expressions of psychological value such as non-figural art and musical themes. However, conceptual items such as types and classes are not instances of E89 Propositional Object. This should not be confused with the definition of a type, which is indeed an instance of E89 Propositional Object.
Examples:	Maxwell’s Equations (Ball, 1962) the ideational contents of Aristotle’s book entitled ‘Metaphysics’ as rendered in the Greek texts translated in Oxford edition the underlying prototype of any “no-smoking” sign (E36) the common ideas of the plots of the movie "The Seven Samurai" by Akira Kurosawa and the movie “The Magnificent Seven” by John Sturges (Mellen, 2002) the image content of the photo of the Allied Leaders at Yalta published by UPI, 1945 (E36) the character "Little Red Riding Hood", variants of which appear amongst others in Grimm brothers’ ‘Rotkäppchen’, other oral fairy tales and the film 'Hoodwinked' the place "Havnor" as invented by Ursula K. Le Guin for her ‘Earthsea’ book series, the related maps and appearing in derivative works based on these novels
In First Order Logic:	E89(x) ⇒ E28(x)
Properties:	P148 has component (is component of): E89 Propositional Object P67 refers to (is referred to by): E1 CRM Entity (P67.1 has type: E55_Type) P129 is about (is subject of): E1 CRM Entity

E89_Objet_propositionnel

E90 Symbolic Object

Subclass of:	E28 Conceptual Object E72 Legal Object
Superclass of:	E73 Information Object E41_Appellation
Scope note:	This class comprises identifiable symbols and any aggregation of symbols, such as characters, identifiers, traffic signs, emblems, texts, data sets, images, musical scores, multimedia objects, computer program code or mathematical formulae that have an objectively recognizable structure and that are documented as single units. It includes sets of signs of any nature, which may serve to designate something, or to communicate some propositional content. An instance of E90 Symbolic Object may or may not have a specific meaning, for example an arbitrary character string. In some cases, the content of an instance of E90 Symbolic Object may completely be represented by a serialized digital content model, such as a sequence of ASCII-encoded characters, an XML or HTML document, or a TIFF image. The property P3 has note and its subproperty P190 has symbolic content allow for the description of this content model. In order to disambiguate which symbolic level is the carrier of the meaning, the property P3.1 has type can be used to specify the encoding (e.g. "bit", "Latin character", RGB pixel).
Examples:	‘ecognizabl’ The “no-smoking” sign (E36) “BM000038850.JPG” (E41) image BM000038850.JPG from the Clayton Herbarium in London (E36) The distribution of form, tone and colour found on Leonardo da Vinci’s painting named “Mona Lisa” in daylight (E36) The Italian text of Dante’s “Divina Commedia” as found in the authoritative critical edition La Commedia secondo l’antica vulgata a cura di Giorgio Petrocchi, Milano: Mondadori, 1966-67 (= Le Opere di Dante Alighieri, Edizione Nazionale a cura della Società Dantesca Italiana, VII, 1-4) (E33)
In First Order Logic:	E90(x) ⊃ E28(x) E90(x) ⊃ E72(x)
Properties:	P106 is composed of (forms part of): E90 Symbolic Object P190 has symbolic content: E62 String

E90

E92 Spacetime Volume

Subclass of:	E1 CRM Entity
Superclass of:	E4 Period E93 Presence
Scope note:	This class comprises 4 dimensional point sets (volumes) in physical spacetime (in contrast to mathematical models of it) regardless their true geometric forms. They may derive their identity from being the extent of a material phenomenon or from being the interpretation of an expression defining an extent in spacetime. Intersections of instances of E92 Spacetime Volume, E53 Place and E52 Timespan are also regarded as instances of E92 Spacetime Volume. An instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is either contiguous or composed of a finite number of contiguous subsets. Its boundaries may be fuzzy due to the properties of the phenomena it derives from or due to the limited precision up to which defining expression can be identified with a real extent in spacetime. The duration of existence of an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is its projection on time.
Examples:	the extent in space and time of the Event of Caesar’s murder where and when the carbon 14 dating of the "Schoeninger Speer II" in 1996 took place the spatio-temporal trajectory of the H.M.S. Victory from its building to its actual location the extent in space and time defined by a polygon approximating the Danube river flood in Austria between 6th and 9th of August 2002
In First Order Logic:	E92(x) ⊃ E1(x)
Properties:	P10 falls within (contains): E92 Spacetime Volume P132 spatiotemporally overlaps with: E92 Spacetime Volume P133 spatiotemporally separated from: E92 Spacetime Volume P160 has temporal projection(is temporal projection of): E52 Time-Span P161 has spatial projection (is spatial projection of): E53 Place

E92

E93 Presence

Subclass of:	E92 Spacetime Volume
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class comprises instances of E92 Spacetime Volume, whose temporal extent has been chosen in order to determine the spatial extent of a phenomenon over the chosen time-span. Respective phenomena may, for instance, be historical events or periods, but can also be the diachronic extent and existence of physical things. In other words, instances of this class fix a slice of another instance of E92 Spacetime Volume in time. The temporal extent of an instance of E93 Presence typically is predetermined by the researcher so as to focus the investigation particularly on finding the spatial extent of the phenomenon by testing for its characteristic features. There are at least two basic directions such investigations might take. The investigation may wish to determine where something was during some time or it may wish to reconstruct the total passage of a phenomenon’s spacetime volume through an examination of discrete presences. Observation and measurement of features indicating the presence or absence of a phenomenon in some space allows for the progressive approximation of spatial extents through argumentation typically based on inclusion, exclusion and various overlaps.
Examples:	The Roman Empire on 19 August AD 14 Johann Joachim Winkelmann’s whereabouts in December 1775 Johann Joachim Winkelmann’s whereabouts from November 19 1755 until April 9 1768
In First Order Logic:	E93(x) ⊃ E92(x)
Properties:	P164 during (was time-span of): E52 Time Span P166 was a presence of (had presence): E92 Space Time Volume P167 at (was place of): E53 Place P195 was a presence of (had presence): E18 Physical Thing

E93

E94 Space Primitive

Subclass of:	E41_Appellation E59 Primitive Value
Superclass of:
Scope Note:	This class comprises instances of E59 Primitive Value for space that should be implemented with appropriate validation, precision and references to spatial coordinate systems to express geometries on or relative to Earth, or on any other stable constellations of matter, relevant to cultural and scientific documentation. An instance of E94 Space Primitive defines an instance of E53 Place in the sense of a declarative place as elaborated in CRMgeo (Doerr and Hiebel 2013), which means that the identity of the place is derived from its geometric definition. Such a declarative place may allow for the approximation of instances of E53 Place defined by the actual extent of some phenomenon, such as a settlement or a riverbed, or other forms of identification rather than by an instance of E94 Space Primitive. Note that using an instance of E94 Space Primitive for approximating the actual extent of some place always defines a (declarative) instance of E53 Place in its own right. Definitions of instances of E53 Place using different spatial reference systems are always definitions of different instances of E53 Place. Instances of E94 Space Primitive provide the ability to link CIDOC CRM encoded data to the kinds of geometries used in maps or Geoinformation systems. They may be used for visualization of the instances of E53 Place they define, in their geographic context and for computing topological relations between places based on these geometries. E94 Space Primitive is not further elaborated upon within this model. It is considered good practice to maintain compatibility with OGC standards.
Examples:	Coordinate Information in GML like 45.67, 88.56 Coordinate Information in lat, long 48,2 13,3 Well Known Text like POLYGON ((30 10, 40 40, 20 40, 10 20, 30 10))
In First Order Logic:	E94(x) ⊃ E41(x) E94(x) ⊃ E59(x)
Properties:

E94_Référence_spatiale

E95 Spacetime Primitive

Subclass of:	E41_Appellation E59 Primitive Value
Superclass of:
Scope Note:	This class comprises instances of E59 Primitive Value for spacetime volumes that should be implemented with appropriate validation, precision and reference systems to express geometries being limited and varying over time on or relative to Earth, or any other stable constellations of matter, relevant to cultural and scientific documentation. An instance of E95 Spacetime Primitive may consist of one expression including temporal and spatial information such as in GML or a different form of expressing spacetime in an integrated way such as a formula containing all 4 dimensions. An instance of E95 Spacetime Primitive defines an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume in the sense of a declarative spacetime volume as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel 2013), which means that the identity of the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is derived from its geometric and temporal definition. This declarative spacetime volume allows for the application of all E92 Spacetime Volume properties to relate phenomenal spacetime volumes of periods and physical things to propositions about their spatial and temporal extents. Instances of E92 Spacetime Volume defined by P169 that use different spatiotemporal referring systems are always regarded as different instances of the E92 Spacetime Volume. It is possible for a spacetime volume to be defined by phenomena causal to it, such as an expanding and declining realm, a settlement structure or a battle, or other forms of identification rather than by an instance of E95 Spacetime Primitive. Any spatiotemporal approximation of such a phenomenon by an instance of E95 Spacetime Primitive constitutes an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume in its own right. E95 Spacetime Primitive is not further elaborated upon within this model. Compatibility with OGC standards are recommended.
Examples:	Spatial and temporal information in KML for the maximum extent of the Byzantine Empire <Placemark><br> <name> Byzantine Empire </name><br> <styleUrl>#style_1</styleUrl><br> <TimeSpan><br> <begin>330</begin><br> <end>1453</end><br> </TimeSpan><br> <Polygon><altitudeMode>clampToGround</altitudeMode><outerBoundaryIs><LinearRing><br> <coordinates>18.452787460,40.85553626,0 17.2223187,40.589098,........0 17.2223,39.783<br> </coordinates><br> </Polygon><br> </Placemark>
In First Order Logic:	E95(x) ⊃ E41(x) E95(x) ⊃ E59(x)
Properties:	P169 defines spacetime volume (spacetime volume is defined by): E92 Spacetime Volume

E95

E96 Purchase

Subclass of:	E8_Acquisition
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class comprises transfers of legal ownership from one or more instances of E39 Actor to one or more different instances of E39 Actor, where the transferring party is completely compensated by the payment of a monetary amount. In more detail, a purchase agreement establishes a fixed monetary obligation at its initialization on the receiving party, to the giving party. An instance of E96 Purchase begins with the contract or equivalent agreement and ends with the fulfilment of all contractual obligations. In the case that the activity is abandoned before both parties have fulfilled these obligations, the activity is not regarded as an instance of E96 Purchase. This class is a very specific case of the much more complex social business practices of exchange of goods and the creation and satisfaction of related social obligations. Purchase activities which define individual sales prices per object can be modelled by instantiating E96 Purchase for each object individually and as part of an overall instance of E96 Purchase transaction.
Examples:	the purchase of 10 okka of nails by the captain A. Syrmas on 18th September 1895 in Thessaloniki (Syrmas, 1896)
In First Order Logic:	E96(x) ⇒ E8(x)
Properties:	P179 had sales price (was sales price of): E97 Monetary Amount

E96_Achat

E97 Monetary Amount

Subclass of:	E54_Dimension
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class comprises quantities of monetary possessions or obligations in terms of their nominal value with respect to a particular currency. These quantities may be abstract accounting units, the nominal value of a heap of coins or bank notes at the time of validity of the respective currency, the nominal value of a bill of exchange or other documents expressing monetary claims or obligations. It specifically excludes amounts expressed in terms of weights of valuable items, like gold and diamonds, and quantities of other non-currency items, like goats or stocks and bonds. Example: Christies’ hammer price for “Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” (E97) has currency British Pounds (E98)
Examples:
In First Order Logic:	E97(x) ⊃ E54(x)
Properties:	P180 has currency (was_currency_of): E98 Currency P181 has amount: E60 Number

E97

E98 Currency

Subclass of:	E58 Measurement Unit
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This class comprises the units in which a monetary system, supported by an administrative authority or other community, quantifies and arithmetically compares all monetary amounts declared in the unit. The unit of a monetary system must describe a nominal value which is kept constant by its administrative authority and an associated banking system if it exists, and not by market value. For instance, one may pay with grams of gold, but the respective monetary amount would have been agreed as the gold price in US dollars on the day of the payment. Under this definition, British Pounds, U.S. Dollars, and European Euros are examples of currency, but “grams of gold” is not. One monetary system has one and only one currency. Instances of this class must not be confused with coin denominations, such as “Dime” or “Sestertius”. Non-monetary exchange of value in terms of quantities of a particular type of goods, such as cows, do not constitute a currency.
Examples:	“As” [Roman mid republic] “Euro”, (Temperton, 1997) “US Dollar” (Rose, 1978)
In First Order Logic:	E98(x) ⇒ E58(x)
Properties:

E98_Devise

E99 Product Type

Subclass of:	E55_Type
Superclass of:
Scope note:	This classes comprises types that stand as the models for instances of E22 Human-Made Object that are produced as the result of production activities using plans exact enough to result in one or more series of uniform, functionally and aesthetically identical and interchangeable items. The product type is the intended ideal form of the manufacture process. It is typical of instances of E22 that conform to an instance of E99 Product Type that its component parts are interchangeable with component parts of other instances of E22 made after the model of the same instance of E99. Frequently, the uniform production according to a given instance of E99 Product Type is achieved by creating individual tools, such as moulds or print plates that are themselves carriers of the design of the product type. Modern tools may use the flexibility of electronically controlled devices to achieve such uniformity. The product type itself, i.e., the potentially unlimited series of aesthetically equivalent items, may be the target of artistic design, rather than the individual object. In extreme cases, only one instance of a product type may have been produced, such as in a "print on demand" process which was only triggered once. However, this should not be confused with industrial prototypes, such as car prototypes, which are produced prior to the production line being set up, or test the production line itself.
Examples:	Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (Rieger, 2013) Dragendorff 54 samian vessel 1937 Edward VIII brass threepenny bit Qin Crossbow trigger un-notched Part B (Bg2u) (Li, 2012) Nokia Cityman 1320 [The first Nokia mobile phone]
In First Order Logic:	E99(x) ⇒ E55(x)
Properties:	P187 has production plan (is production plan for): E29 Design or Procedure P188 requires production tool (is production tool for): E19 Physical Object

E99_Type_de_produit